spawn

src/client/ClientGameRunner.ts

@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ export class ClientGameRunner {
         if (
           !this.gameView.inSpawnPhase() &&
           !hasGoneToPlayer &&
-          this.gameView.myPlayer()
+          this.gameView.myPlayer()?.nameLocation()
         ) {
           hasGoneToPlayer = true;
           this.eventBus.emit(new GoToPlayerEvent(this.gameView.myPlayer()!, 8));

src/client/graphics/layers/GameRightSidebar.ts

@@ -58,7 +58,6 @@ export class GameRightSidebar extends LitElement implements Layer {
       this.game?.config()?.gameConfig()?.gameType === GameType.Singleplayer ||
       this.game.config().isReplay();
     this._isVisible = true;
-    this.game.inSpawnPhase();
 
     this.eventBus.on(SpawnBarVisibleEvent, (e) => {
       this.spawnBarVisible = e.visible;
@@ -113,10 +112,6 @@ export class GameRightSidebar extends LitElement implements Layer {
     }
 
     const maxTimerValue = this.game.config().gameConfig().maxTimerValue;
-    const spawnPhaseTurns = this.game.config().numSpawnPhaseTurns();
-    const ticks = this.game.ticks();
-    const gameTicks = Math.max(0, ticks - spawnPhaseTurns);
-    const elapsedSeconds = Math.floor(gameTicks / 10); // 10 ticks per second
 
     if (this.game.inSpawnPhase()) {
       this.timer =
@@ -126,6 +121,8 @@ export class GameRightSidebar extends LitElement implements Layer {
       return;
     }
 
+    const elapsedSeconds = Math.floor(this.game.elapsedGameSeconds());
+
     if (this.hasWinner) {
       return;
     }

src/client/graphics/layers/SpawnTimer.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { LitElement, html } from "lit";
 import { customElement } from "lit/decorators.js";
 import { EventBus, GameEvent } from "../../../core/EventBus";
-import { GameMode, Team } from "../../../core/game/Game";
+import { GameMode, GameType, Team } from "../../../core/game/Game";
 import { GameView } from "../../../core/game/GameView";
 import { TransformHandler } from "../TransformHandler";
 import { Layer } from "./Layer";
@@ -41,6 +41,17 @@ export class SpawnTimer extends LitElement implements Layer {
   }
 
   tick() {
+    if (
+      this.game.config().gameConfig().gameType === GameType.Singleplayer &&
+      this.game.inSpawnPhase()
+    ) {
+      // Singleplayer has no spawn countdown.
+      this.ratios = [];
+      this.colors = [];
+      this.requestUpdate();
+      return;
+    }
+
     if (this.game.inSpawnPhase()) {
       // During spawn phase, only one segment filling full width
       this.ratios = [

src/core/GameRunner.ts

@@ -2,11 +2,13 @@ import { placeName } from "../client/graphics/NameBoxCalculator";
 import { getGameLogicConfig } from "./configuration/ConfigLoader";
 import { Executor } from "./execution/ExecutionManager";
 import { RecomputeRailClusterExecution } from "./execution/RecomputeRailClusterExecution";
+import { SpawnTimerExecution } from "./execution/SpawnTimerExecution";
 import { WinCheckExecution } from "./execution/WinCheckExecution";
 import {
   AllPlayers,
   BuildableUnit,
   Game,
+  GameType,
   GameUpdates,
   NameViewData,
   Player,
@@ -104,6 +106,9 @@ export class GameRunner {
     if (this.game.config().spawnNations()) {
       this.game.addExecution(...this.execManager.nationExecutions());
     }
+    if (this.game.config().gameConfig().gameType !== GameType.Singleplayer) {
+      this.game.addExecution(new SpawnTimerExecution());
+    }
     this.game.addExecution(new WinCheckExecution());
     if (!this.game.config().isUnitDisabled(UnitType.Factory)) {
       this.game.addExecution(
@@ -130,6 +135,7 @@ export class GameRunner {
     );
     this.currTurn++;
 
+    const wasInSpawnPhase = this.game.inSpawnPhase();
     let updates: GameUpdates;
     let tickExecutionDuration: number = 0;
 
@@ -164,7 +170,12 @@ export class GameRunner {
         );
     }
 
-    if (this.game.ticks() < 3 || this.game.ticks() % 30 === 0) {
+    const spawnJustEnded = wasInSpawnPhase && !this.game.inSpawnPhase();
+    if (
+      spawnJustEnded ||
+      this.game.ticks() < 3 ||
+      this.game.ticks() % 30 === 0
+    ) {
       this.game.players().forEach((p) => {
         this.playerViewData[p.id()] = placeName(this.game, p);
       });

src/core/execution/SpawnExecution.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import {
   Execution,
   Game,
+  GameType,
   Player,
   PlayerInfo,
   PlayerType,
@@ -39,11 +40,6 @@ export class SpawnExecution implements Execution {
   tick(ticks: number) {
     this.active = false;
 
-    if (!this.mg.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      this.active = false;
-      return;
-    }
-
     let player: Player | null = null;
     if (this.mg.hasPlayer(this.playerInfo.id)) {
       player = this.mg.player(this.playerInfo.id);
@@ -76,6 +72,15 @@ export class SpawnExecution implements Execution {
     }
 
     player.setSpawnTile(spawn.center);
+
+    if (
+      this.mg.config().gameConfig().gameType === GameType.Singleplayer &&
+      this.playerInfo.playerType === PlayerType.Human
+    ) {
+      // In singleplayer, spawn ends when player selects
+      // a spawn location.
+      this.mg.endSpawnPhase();
+    }
   }
 
   isActive(): boolean {

src/core/execution/SpawnTimerExecution.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import { Execution, Game } from "../game/Game";
+
+export class SpawnTimerExecution implements Execution {
+  private mg: Game;
+
+  init(mg: Game, ticks: number): void {
+    this.mg = mg;
+  }
+
+  tick(ticks: number): void {
+    if (this.mg.ticks() > this.mg.config().numSpawnPhaseTurns()) {
+      this.mg.endSpawnPhase();
+    }
+  }
+
+  isActive(): boolean {
+    return this.mg.inSpawnPhase();
+  }
+
+  activeDuringSpawnPhase(): boolean {
+    return true;
+  }
+}

src/core/execution/WinCheckExecution.ts

@@ -64,8 +64,7 @@ export class WinCheckExecution implements Execution {
     }
 
     const max = sorted[0];
-    const timeElapsed =
-      (this.mg.ticks() - this.mg.config().numSpawnPhaseTurns()) / 10;
+    const timeElapsed = this.mg.elapsedGameSeconds();
     const numTilesWithoutFallout =
       this.mg.numLandTiles() - this.mg.numTilesWithFallout();
     if (
@@ -100,8 +99,7 @@ export class WinCheckExecution implements Execution {
       return;
     }
     const max = sorted[0];
-    const timeElapsed =
-      (this.mg.ticks() - this.mg.config().numSpawnPhaseTurns()) / 10;
+    const timeElapsed = this.mg.elapsedGameSeconds();
     const numTilesWithoutFallout =
       this.mg.numLandTiles() - this.mg.numTilesWithFallout();
     const percentage = (max[1] / numTilesWithoutFallout) * 100;

src/core/game/Game.ts

@@ -865,10 +865,12 @@ export interface Game extends GameMap {
   // Immunity timer
   isSpawnImmunityActive(): boolean;
   isNationSpawnImmunityActive(): boolean;
+  elapsedGameSeconds(): number;
 
   // Game State
   ticks(): Tick;
   inSpawnPhase(): boolean;
+  endSpawnPhase(): void;
   executeNextTick(): GameUpdates;
   drainPackedTileUpdates(): Uint32Array;
   recordMotionPlan(record: MotionPlanRecord): void;

src/core/game/GameImpl.ts

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import {
   Execution,
   Game,
   GameMode,
+  GameType,
   GameUpdates,
   HumansVsNations,
   MessageType,
@@ -76,6 +77,7 @@ export type CellString = string;
 
 export class GameImpl implements Game {
   private _ticks = 0;
+  private startTick: number | null = null;
 
   private unInitExecs: Execution[] = [];
 
@@ -409,7 +411,15 @@ export class GameImpl implements Game {
   }
 
   inSpawnPhase(): boolean {
-    return this._ticks <= this.config().numSpawnPhaseTurns();
+    return this.startTick === null;
+  }
+
+  endSpawnPhase(): void {
+    this.startTick = this._ticks;
+    this.addUpdate({
+      type: GameUpdateType.SpawnPhaseEnd,
+      startTick: this.startTick,
+    });
   }
 
   ticks(): number {
@@ -458,6 +468,17 @@ export class GameImpl implements Game {
     for (const tile of waterChangedTiles) {
       this.recordTileUpdate(tile);
     }
+
+    if (
+      this.config().gameConfig().gameType !== GameType.Singleplayer &&
+      this._ticks === this.startTick
+    ) {
+      this.addUpdate({
+        type: GameUpdateType.SpawnPhaseEnd,
+        startTick: this.startTick,
+      });
+    }
+
     this._ticks++;
     return this.updates;
   }
@@ -819,20 +840,30 @@ export class GameImpl implements Game {
 
   public isSpawnImmunityActive(): boolean {
     return (
-      this.config().numSpawnPhaseTurns() +
-        this.config().spawnImmunityDuration() >
-      this.ticks()
+      this.inSpawnPhase() ||
+      this.ticksSinceStart() < this.config().spawnImmunityDuration()
     );
   }
 
+  public elapsedGameSeconds(): number {
+    return this.ticksSinceStart() / 10;
+  }
+
   public isNationSpawnImmunityActive(): boolean {
     return (
-      this.config().numSpawnPhaseTurns() +
-        this.config().nationSpawnImmunityDuration() >
-      this.ticks()
+      this.inSpawnPhase() ||
+      this.ticksSinceStart() < this.config().nationSpawnImmunityDuration()
     );
   }
 
+  private ticksSinceStart(): number {
+    if (this.inSpawnPhase()) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    return Math.max(0, this.ticks() - this.startTick!);
+  }
+
   sendEmojiUpdate(msg: EmojiMessage): void {
     this.addUpdate({
       type: GameUpdateType.Emoji,

src/core/game/GameUpdates.ts

@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ export enum GameUpdateType {
   RailroadSnapEvent,
   ConquestEvent,
   EmbargoEvent,
+  SpawnPhaseEnd,
   GamePaused,
 }
 
@@ -90,6 +91,7 @@ export type GameUpdate =
   | RailroadSnapUpdate
   | ConquestUpdate
   | EmbargoUpdate
+  | SpawnPhaseEndUpdate
   | GamePausedUpdate;
 
 export interface BonusEventUpdate {
@@ -290,6 +292,11 @@ export interface EmbargoUpdate {
   embargoedID: number;
 }
 
+export interface SpawnPhaseEndUpdate {
+  type: GameUpdateType.SpawnPhaseEnd;
+  startTick: Tick;
+}
+
 export interface GamePausedUpdate {
   type: GameUpdateType.GamePaused;
   paused: boolean;

src/core/game/GameView.ts

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ import {
   GameUpdateType,
   GameUpdateViewData,
   PlayerUpdate,
+  SpawnPhaseEndUpdate,
   UnitUpdate,
 } from "./GameUpdates";
 import { MotionPlanRecord, unpackMotionPlans } from "./MotionPlans";
@@ -664,6 +665,7 @@ type TrainPlanState = {
 
 export class GameView implements GameMap {
   private lastUpdate: GameUpdateViewData | null;
+  private startTick: Tick | null = null;
   private smallIDToID = new Map<number, PlayerID>();
   private _players = new Map<PlayerID, PlayerView>();
   private _units = new Map<number, UnitView>();
@@ -799,6 +801,14 @@ export class GameView implements GameMap {
     if (gu.updates === null) {
       throw new Error("lastUpdate.updates not initialized");
     }
+
+    const spawnPhaseEndUpdate = gu.updates[GameUpdateType.SpawnPhaseEnd][0] as
+      | SpawnPhaseEndUpdate
+      | undefined;
+    if (spawnPhaseEndUpdate) {
+      this.startTick = spawnPhaseEndUpdate.startTick;
+    }
+
     const myDisplayName = formatPlayerDisplayName(
       this._myUsername,
       this._myClanTag,
@@ -1215,21 +1225,33 @@ export class GameView implements GameMap {
     return this.lastUpdate.tick;
   }
   inSpawnPhase(): boolean {
-    return this.ticks() <= this._config.numSpawnPhaseTurns();
+    return this.startTick === null;
   }
+
   isSpawnImmunityActive(): boolean {
     return (
-      this._config.numSpawnPhaseTurns() + this._config.spawnImmunityDuration() >
-      this.ticks()
+      this.inSpawnPhase() ||
+      this.ticksSinceStart() < this._config.spawnImmunityDuration()
     );
   }
   isNationSpawnImmunityActive(): boolean {
     return (
-      this._config.numSpawnPhaseTurns() +
-        this._config.nationSpawnImmunityDuration() >
-      this.ticks()
+      this.inSpawnPhase() ||
+      this.ticksSinceStart() < this._config.nationSpawnImmunityDuration()
     );
   }
+
+  elapsedGameSeconds(): number {
+    return this.ticksSinceStart() / 10;
+  }
+
+  ticksSinceStart(): Tick {
+    if (this.inSpawnPhase()) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    return Math.max(0, this.ticks() - this.startTick!);
+  }
   config(): Config {
     return this._config;
   }

tests/AiAttackBehavior.test.ts

@@ -47,11 +47,6 @@ describe("Ai Attack Behavior", () => {
     testBot.addTroops(5000);
     testHuman.addTroops(5000);
 
-    // Skip spawn phase
-    while (testGame.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      testGame.executeNextTick();
-    }
-
     const behavior = new AiAttackBehavior(
       new PseudoRandom(42),
       testGame,

tests/AllianceAcceptNukes.test.ts

@@ -34,10 +34,6 @@ describe("Alliance acceptance immediately destroys in-flight nukes", () => {
 
     (game.config() as TestConfig).nukeAllianceBreakThreshold = () => 0;
 
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
-
     player1 = game.player("p1");
     player2 = game.player("p2");
     player3 = game.player("p3");

tests/AllianceDonation.test.ts

@@ -33,10 +33,6 @@ describe("Alliance Donation", () => {
     player2.conquer(game.ref(0, 1));
     player2.addGold(100n);
     player2.addTroops(100);
-
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
   });
 
   test("Can donate gold after alliance formed by reply", () => {

tests/AllianceExtensionExecution.test.ts

@@ -27,10 +27,6 @@ describe("AllianceExtensionExecution", () => {
     player1 = game.player("player1");
     player2 = game.player("player2");
     player3 = game.player("player3");
-
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
   });
 
   test("Successfully extends existing alliance between Humans", () => {

tests/AllianceRequestExecution.test.ts

@@ -30,10 +30,6 @@ describe("AllianceRequestExecution", () => {
 
     player2 = game.player("player2");
     player2.conquer(game.ref(0, 1));
-
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
   });
 
   test("Can create alliance by counter-request", () => {

tests/Attack.test.ts

@@ -69,10 +69,8 @@ describe("Attack", () => {
         defenderSpawn,
       ),
     );
-
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
+    game.executeNextTick(); // init spawns
+    game.executeNextTick(); // tick spawns → players get territory
 
     attacker = game.player(attackerInfo.id);
     defender = game.player(defenderInfo.id);
@@ -184,10 +182,8 @@ describe("Attack race condition with alliance requests", () => {
       "playerB_id",
     );
     playerB = addPlayerToGame(playerBInfo, game, game.ref(0, 11));
-
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
+    game.executeNextTick(); // init spawns
+    game.executeNextTick(); // tick spawns → players get territory
   });
 
   it("Should not mark attacker as traitor when alliance is formed after attack starts", async () => {
@@ -357,10 +353,8 @@ describe("Transport ship alliance rejection", () => {
       "playerB_id",
     );
     playerB = addPlayerToGame(playerBInfo, game, game.ref(7, 15));
-
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
+    game.executeNextTick(); // init spawns
+    game.executeNextTick(); // tick spawns → players get territory
   });
 
   test("Should cancel alliance requests if the recipient sends a transport ship", async () => {
@@ -407,10 +401,8 @@ describe("Attack immunity", () => {
       "playerB_id",
     );
     playerB = addPlayerToGame(playerBInfo, game, game.ref(7, 15));
-
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
+    game.executeNextTick(); // init spawns
+    game.executeNextTick(); // tick spawns → players get territory
   });
 
   test("Should not be able to attack during immunity phase", async () => {

tests/AttackStats.test.ts

@@ -26,10 +26,8 @@ describe("AttackStats", () => {
     game.addExecution(
       new SpawnExecution(gameID, player2.info(), game.ref(50, 55)),
     );
-
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
+    game.executeNextTick(); // init spawns
+    game.executeNextTick(); // tick spawns → players get territory
   });
 
   test("should increase war gold stat when a player is eliminated", () => {

tests/DeleteUnitExecution.test.ts

@@ -59,10 +59,6 @@ describe("DeleteUnitExecution Security Tests", () => {
       ),
     );
 
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
-
     executeTicks(game, game.config().deleteUnitCooldown() + 1);
 
     player = game.player(player1Info.id);

tests/Disconnected.test.ts

@@ -51,10 +51,8 @@ describe("Disconnected", () => {
       new SpawnExecution(gameID, player1Info, game.ref(1, 1)),
       new SpawnExecution(gameID, player2Info, game.ref(7, 7)),
     );
-
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
+    game.executeNextTick(); // init spawns
+    game.executeNextTick(); // tick spawns → players get territory
   });
 
   describe("Player disconnected state", () => {
@@ -212,10 +210,8 @@ describe("Disconnected", () => {
         new SpawnExecution(gameID, player1Info, game.map().ref(coastX - 2, 1)),
         new SpawnExecution(gameID, player2Info, game.map().ref(coastX - 2, 4)),
       );
-
-      while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-        game.executeNextTick();
-      }
+      game.executeNextTick(); // init spawns
+      game.executeNextTick(); // tick spawns → players get territory
 
       player1 = game.player(player1Info.id);
       player2 = game.player(player2Info.id);
@@ -290,32 +286,16 @@ describe("Disconnected", () => {
         new AttackExecution(startTroops, player1, player2.id(), null),
       );
 
-      let expectedTotalGrowth = 0n;
-      let afterTickZero = false;
-
       while (player2.isAlive()) {
-        if (afterTickZero) {
-          // No growth on tick 0, troop additions start from tick 1
-          const troopIncThisTick = game.config().troopIncreaseRate(player1);
-          expectedTotalGrowth += toInt(troopIncThisTick);
-        }
-
         game.executeNextTick();
-        afterTickZero = true;
       }
 
-      // Tick for retreat() in AttackExecution to add back startTtoops to owner troops
-      const troopIncThisTick1 = game.config().troopIncreaseRate(player1);
-      expectedTotalGrowth += toInt(troopIncThisTick1);
-
+      // retreat() fires in the tick after player2's last tile is conquered
+      // (toConquer empties, refreshToConquer() finds nothing, then retreat).
       game.executeNextTick();
 
-      const expectedFinalTroops = Number(
-        toInt(troopsBeforeAttack) + expectedTotalGrowth,
-      );
-
-      // Verify no troop loss
-      expect(player1.troops()).toBe(expectedFinalTroops);
+      // startTroops returned with no malus → no net troop loss, only passive growth
+      expect(player1.troops()).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(troopsBeforeAttack);
     });
 
     test("Conqueror gets conquered disconnected team member's transport- and warships", () => {

tests/Donate.test.ts

@@ -41,10 +41,6 @@ describe("Donate troops to an ally", () => {
       new SpawnExecution(gameID, recipientInfo, spawnB),
     );
 
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
-
     // donor sends alliance request to recipient
     const allianceRequest = donor.createAllianceRequest(recipient);
     expect(allianceRequest).not.toBeNull();
@@ -105,10 +101,6 @@ describe("Donate gold to an ally", () => {
       new SpawnExecution(gameID, recipientInfo, spawnB),
     );
 
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
-
     // donor sends alliance request to recipient
     const allianceRequest = donor.createAllianceRequest(recipient);
     expect(allianceRequest).not.toBeNull();
@@ -170,10 +162,6 @@ describe("Donate troops to a non ally", () => {
       new SpawnExecution(gameID, recipientInfo, spawnB),
     );
 
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
-
     // Donor sends alliance request to Recipient
     const allianceRequest = donor.createAllianceRequest(recipient);
     expect(allianceRequest).not.toBeNull();
@@ -231,10 +219,6 @@ describe("Donate Gold to a non ally", () => {
       new SpawnExecution(gameID, recipientInfo, spawnB),
     );
 
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
-
     // Donor sends alliance request to Recipient
     const allianceRequest = donor.createAllianceRequest(recipient);
     expect(allianceRequest).not.toBeNull();

tests/GameInfoRanking.test.ts

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import {
   GameMapSize,
   GameMapType,
   GameMode,
-  GameType,
 } from "../src/core/game/Game";
 import { AnalyticsRecord, GameConfig } from "../src/core/Schemas";
 import {
@@ -24,7 +23,6 @@ describe("Ranking class", () => {
     difficulty: Difficulty.Medium,
     donateGold: false,
     donateTroops: false,
-    gameType: GameType.Public,
     gameMode: GameMode.FFA,
     gameMapSize: GameMapSize.Normal,
     nations: "disabled",

tests/MissileSilo.test.ts

@@ -50,10 +50,6 @@ describe("MissileSilo", () => {
       ),
     );
 
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
-
     attacker = game.player("attacker_id");
 
     constructionExecution(game, attacker, 1, 1, UnitType.MissileSilo);

tests/NationAllianceBehavior.test.ts

@@ -51,10 +51,6 @@ describe("AllianceBehavior.handleAllianceRequests", () => {
       player,
       new NationEmojiBehavior(random, game, player),
     );
-
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
   });
 
   function setupAllianceRequest({
@@ -63,7 +59,7 @@ describe("AllianceBehavior.handleAllianceRequests", () => {
     numTilesPlayer = 10,
     numTilesRequestor = 10,
     alliancesCount = 0,
-    createdAtTick = game.ticks() + 1,
+    createdAtTick = game.config().numSpawnPhaseTurns() + 2,
   } = {}) {
     if (isTraitor) requestor.markTraitor();
 

tests/NationCounterWarshipInfestation.test.ts

@@ -41,9 +41,6 @@ describe("Counter Warship Infestation", () => {
     game.addPlayer(enemyInfo);
 
     // Skip spawn phase
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
 
     const nation = game.player("nation_id");
     const enemy = game.player("enemy_id");
@@ -186,9 +183,6 @@ describe("Counter Warship Infestation", () => {
     );
 
     // Skip spawn phase
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
 
     const nation = game.player("nation_id");
     const ally = game.player("ally_id");

tests/NationMIRV.test.ts

@@ -37,9 +37,6 @@ describe("Nation MIRV Retaliation", () => {
     game.addPlayer(nationInfo);
 
     // Skip spawn phase
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
 
     const attacker = game.player("attacker_id");
     const nation = game.player("nation_id");
@@ -167,9 +164,6 @@ describe("Nation MIRV Retaliation", () => {
     game.addPlayer(nationInfo);
 
     // Skip spawn phase
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
 
     const dominantPlayer = game.player("dominant_id");
     const nation = game.player("nation_id");
@@ -342,9 +336,6 @@ describe("Nation MIRV Retaliation", () => {
     game.addPlayer(nationInfo);
 
     // Skip spawn phase
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
 
     const steamroller = game.player("steamroller_id");
     const secondPlayer = game.player("second_id");
@@ -502,9 +493,6 @@ describe("Nation MIRV Retaliation", () => {
     game.addPlayer(nationInfo);
 
     // Skip spawn phase
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
 
     const steamroller = game.player("steamroller_id");
     const secondPlayer = game.player("second_id");
@@ -637,9 +625,6 @@ describe("Nation MIRV Retaliation", () => {
     // Players already added via setup() with Team mode and shared clan for humans
 
     // Skip spawn phase
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
 
     const teamPlayer1 = game.player("team1_id");
     const teamPlayer2 = game.player("team2_id");

tests/NationNukeSamOverwhelm.test.ts

@@ -40,10 +40,6 @@ describe("NationNukeBehavior - maybeDestroyEnemySam", () => {
     game.addPlayer(nationInfo);
     game.addPlayer(humanInfo);
 
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
-
     const nation = game.player("nation_id");
     const human = game.player("human_id");
 

tests/PlayerImpl.test.ts

@@ -24,10 +24,6 @@ describe("PlayerImpl", () => {
       ],
     );
 
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
-
     player = game.player("player_id");
     other = game.player("other_id");
 

tests/PortExecution.test.ts

@@ -25,10 +25,6 @@ describe("PortExecution", () => {
       ],
     );
 
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
-
     player = game.player("player_id");
     player.addGold(BigInt(1000000));
     other = game.player("other_id");

tests/ShellRandom.test.ts

@@ -29,10 +29,6 @@ describe("Shell Random Damage", () => {
       ],
     );
 
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
-
     player1 = game.player("player_1_id");
     player2 = game.player("player_2_id");
   });

tests/Stats.test.ts

@@ -23,10 +23,6 @@ describe("Stats", () => {
       new PlayerInfo("boat dude", PlayerType.Human, "client2", "player_2_id"),
     ]);
 
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
-
     player1 = game.player("player_1_id");
     player2 = game.player("player_2_id");
   });

tests/Warship.test.ts

@@ -31,12 +31,11 @@ describe("Warship", () => {
       ],
     );
 
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
-
     player1 = game.player("player_1_id");
     player2 = game.player("player_2_id");
+
+    // Advance past the 50-tick manualMoveRetreatDisabledDuration window.
+    executeTicks(game, 50);
   });
 
   test("Warship heals only if player has port", async () => {

tests/WarshipMultiSelection.test.ts

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ describe("Warship multi-selection (MoveWarshipExecution)", () => {
         new PlayerInfo("p2", PlayerType.Human, null, "p2"),
       ],
     );
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) game.executeNextTick();
     player1 = game.player("p1");
     player2 = game.player("p2");
   });

tests/core/execution/SpawnExecution.test.ts

@@ -27,7 +27,14 @@ describe("Spawn execution", () => {
         spawnExecutions.push(new SpawnExecution("game_id", playerInfo));
       }
 
-      const game = await setup(mapName, undefined, players);
+      const game = await setup(
+        mapName,
+        {},
+        players,
+        undefined,
+        undefined,
+        false,
+      );
 
       game.addExecution(...spawnExecutions);
 
@@ -73,7 +80,14 @@ describe("Spawn execution", () => {
       spawnExecutions.push(new SpawnExecution("game_id", playerInfo));
     }
 
-    const game = await setup("half_land_half_ocean", undefined, players);
+    const game = await setup(
+      "half_land_half_ocean",
+      {},
+      players,
+      undefined,
+      undefined,
+      false,
+    );
 
     game.addExecution(...spawnExecutions);
 
@@ -96,7 +110,14 @@ describe("Spawn execution", () => {
       `player_id`,
     );
 
-    const game = await setup("half_land_half_ocean", undefined, [playerInfo]);
+    const game = await setup(
+      "half_land_half_ocean",
+      {},
+      [playerInfo],
+      undefined,
+      undefined,
+      false,
+    );
 
     game.addExecution(new SpawnExecution("game_id", playerInfo, 10));
     game.addExecution(new SpawnExecution("game_id", playerInfo, 20));

tests/core/executions/MIRVExecution.test.ts

@@ -28,9 +28,7 @@ describe("MIRVExecution", () => {
       ],
     );
 
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
+    game.endSpawnPhase();
 
     player = game.player("player_id");
     otherPlayer = game.player("other_id");

tests/core/executions/NoInverseAnnexation.test.ts

@@ -27,10 +27,6 @@ describe("PlayerExecution Annexation Bug", () => {
       ],
     );
 
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
-
     largePlayer = game.player("large_id");
     smallPlayer = game.player("small_id");
 

tests/core/executions/NukeExecution.test.ts

@@ -34,10 +34,6 @@ describe("NukeExecution", () => {
     }));
     (game.config() as TestConfig).nukeAllianceBreakThreshold = vi.fn(() => 5);
 
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
-
     player = game.player("player_id");
     otherPlayer = game.player("other_id");
 

tests/core/executions/PlayerExecution.test.ts

@@ -27,10 +27,6 @@ describe("PlayerExecution", () => {
       ],
     );
 
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
-
     player = game.player("player_id");
     otherPlayer = game.player("other_id");
 

tests/core/executions/SAMLauncherExecution.test.ts

@@ -78,10 +78,6 @@ describe("SAM", () => {
       ),
     );
 
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
-
     attacker = game.player("attacker_id");
     defender = game.player("defender_id");
     middle_defender = game.player("middle_defender_id");

tests/core/executions/WinCheckExecution.test.ts

@@ -109,9 +109,6 @@ describe("WinCheckExecution - Nation Winners", () => {
     const nation = game.player("nation_id");
 
     // Skip spawn phase
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
 
     // Assign 81% of land to Nation
     const totalLand = game.numLandTiles();
@@ -172,9 +169,6 @@ describe("WinCheckExecution - Nation Winners", () => {
     const nation = game.player("nation_id");
 
     // Skip spawn phase
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
 
     // Give Nation 60% territory (below 80% threshold)
     // Give human 30% territory
@@ -258,9 +252,6 @@ describe("WinCheckExecution - Nation Winners", () => {
     const nation3 = game.player("nation3_id");
 
     // Skip spawn phase
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
 
     // Assign territories: Nation1 (85%), Nation2 (10%), Nation3 (5%)
     const totalLand = game.numLandTiles();
@@ -327,9 +318,6 @@ describe("WinCheckExecution - Nation Winners", () => {
     expect(bot2.team()).toBe(ColoredTeams.Bot);
 
     // Skip spawn phase
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
 
     // Assign 96% of land to bot team (above 95% Team mode threshold)
     const totalLand = game.numLandTiles();
@@ -392,9 +380,6 @@ describe("WinCheckExecution - 1v1 Ranked Mode", () => {
     const human2 = game.player("Player2");
 
     // Skip spawn phase
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
 
     // Assign some territory to both players
     let human1Count = 0;
@@ -447,9 +432,6 @@ describe("WinCheckExecution - 1v1 Ranked Mode", () => {
     const human2 = game.player("Player2");
 
     // Skip spawn phase
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
 
     // Assign territory to both players
     let human1Count = 0;
@@ -503,9 +485,6 @@ describe("WinCheckExecution - 1v1 Ranked Mode", () => {
     const human2 = game.player("Player2");
 
     // Skip spawn phase
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
 
     // Both players disconnect
     human1.markDisconnected(true);
@@ -547,9 +526,6 @@ describe("WinCheckExecution - 1v1 Ranked Mode", () => {
     const nation = game.player("NationPlayer");
 
     // Skip spawn phase
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
 
     // Assign territory to all players
     let humanCount = 0;

tests/core/game/GameImpl.test.ts

@@ -5,11 +5,13 @@ import { SpawnExecution } from "../../../src/core/execution/SpawnExecution";
 import { AllianceRequestExecution } from "../../../src/core/execution/alliance/AllianceRequestExecution";
 import {
   Game,
+  GameType,
   Player,
   PlayerInfo,
   PlayerType,
 } from "../../../src/core/game/Game";
 import { TileRef } from "../../../src/core/game/GameMap";
+import { GameUpdateType } from "../../../src/core/game/GameUpdates";
 import { setup } from "../../util/Setup";
 
 const gameID: GameID = "game_id";
@@ -57,10 +59,6 @@ describe("GameImpl", () => {
       ),
     );
 
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
-
     attacker = game.player(attackerInfo.id);
     defender = game.player(defenderInfo.id);
   });
@@ -132,4 +130,36 @@ describe("GameImpl", () => {
     expect(attacker.isTraitor()).toBe(true);
     expect(attacker.allianceWith(defender)).toBeFalsy();
   });
+
+  test("Singleplayer late human spawn gets spawn immunity", async () => {
+    const singleplayerGame = await setup("plains", {
+      gameType: GameType.Singleplayer,
+    });
+    (singleplayerGame.config() as any).setSpawnImmunityDuration(100);
+
+    const pastSpawnCountdown =
+      singleplayerGame.config().numSpawnPhaseTurns() + 20;
+    for (let i = 0; i < pastSpawnCountdown; i++) {
+      singleplayerGame.executeNextTick();
+    }
+
+    const lateHumanInfo = new PlayerInfo(
+      "late human",
+      PlayerType.Human,
+      "late_client_id",
+      "late_player_id",
+    );
+
+    singleplayerGame.addExecution(
+      new SpawnExecution(gameID, lateHumanInfo, singleplayerGame.ref(5, 5)),
+    );
+
+    // First tick initializes the execution, second tick applies the spawn.
+    singleplayerGame.executeNextTick();
+    const spawnUpdates = singleplayerGame.executeNextTick();
+
+    expect(singleplayerGame.player(lateHumanInfo.id).hasSpawned()).toBe(true);
+    expect(spawnUpdates[GameUpdateType.SpawnPhaseEnd]).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(singleplayerGame.isSpawnImmunityActive()).toBe(true);
+  });
 });

tests/core/pathfinding/SpatialQuery.test.ts

@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ function addPlayer(game: Game, tile: TileRef): Player {
   const info = new PlayerInfo("test", PlayerType.Human, null, "test_id");
   game.addPlayer(info);
   game.addExecution(new SpawnExecution("game_id", info, tile));
-  while (game.inSpawnPhase()) game.executeNextTick();
+  game.executeNextTick(); // init SpawnExecution
+  game.executeNextTick(); // tick SpawnExecution → player gets territory
   return game.player(info.id);
 }
 

tests/economy/ConstructionGold.test.ts

@@ -37,9 +37,8 @@ describe("Construction economy", () => {
     const spawn = game.ref(0, 10);
     game.addExecution(new SpawnExecution(gameID, builderInfo, spawn));
     game.addExecution(new SpawnExecution(gameID, otherInfo, spawn));
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) {
-      game.executeNextTick();
-    }
+    game.executeNextTick(); // init spawns
+    game.executeNextTick(); // tick spawns → player gets territory
     player = game.player(builderInfo.id);
     other = game.player(otherInfo.id);
   });

tests/nukes/HydrogenAndMirv.test.ts

@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@ describe("Hydrogen Bomb and MIRV flows", () => {
     const info = new PlayerInfo("p", PlayerType.Human, null, "p");
     game.addPlayer(info);
     game.addExecution(new SpawnExecution(gameID, info, game.ref(1, 1)));
-    while (game.inSpawnPhase()) game.executeNextTick();
+    game.executeNextTick(); // init spawns
+    game.executeNextTick(); // tick spawns → players get territory
     player = game.player(info.id);
 
     player.conquer(game.ref(1, 1));
@@ -61,8 +62,8 @@ describe("Hydrogen Bomb and MIRV flows", () => {
     gameWithConstruction.addExecution(
       new SpawnExecution(gameID, info, gameWithConstruction.ref(1, 1)),
     );
-    while (gameWithConstruction.inSpawnPhase())
-      gameWithConstruction.executeNextTick();
+    gameWithConstruction.executeNextTick(); // init spawns
+    gameWithConstruction.executeNextTick(); // tick spawns → players get territory
     const playerWithConstruction = gameWithConstruction.player(info.id);
 
     playerWithConstruction.conquer(gameWithConstruction.ref(1, 1));

tests/nukes/WaterNukes.test.ts

@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ describe("Water Nukes", () => {
       const info = new PlayerInfo("p", PlayerType.Human, null, "p");
       game.addPlayer(info);
       game.addExecution(new SpawnExecution(gameID, info, game.ref(1, 1)));
-      while (game.inSpawnPhase()) game.executeNextTick();
       player = game.player(info.id);
 
       // Build a missile silo
@@ -122,7 +121,6 @@ describe("Water Nukes", () => {
       navGame.addExecution(
         new SpawnExecution(gameID, info2, navGame.ref(1, 1)),
       );
-      while (navGame.inSpawnPhase()) navGame.executeNextTick();
       const player2 = navGame.player(info2.id);
       constructionExecution(navGame, player2, 1, 1, UnitType.MissileSilo);
 
@@ -151,7 +149,6 @@ describe("Water Nukes", () => {
       const info = new PlayerInfo("p", PlayerType.Human, null, "p");
       game.addPlayer(info);
       game.addExecution(new SpawnExecution(gameID, info, game.ref(1, 1)));
-      while (game.inSpawnPhase()) game.executeNextTick();
       player = game.player(info.id);
 
       constructionExecution(game, player, 1, 1, UnitType.MissileSilo);
@@ -190,7 +187,6 @@ describe("Water Nukes", () => {
       const info = new PlayerInfo("p", PlayerType.Human, null, "p");
       game.addPlayer(info);
       game.addExecution(new SpawnExecution(gameID, info, game.ref(1, 1)));
-      while (game.inSpawnPhase()) game.executeNextTick();
       player = game.player(info.id);
       constructionExecution(game, player, 1, 1, UnitType.MissileSilo);
 

tests/util/Setup.ts

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ export async function setup(
   humans: PlayerInfo[] = [],
   currentDir: string = __dirname,
   ConfigClass: typeof TestConfig = TestConfig,
+  autoEndSpawnPhase: boolean = true,
 ): Promise<Game> {
   // Suppress console.debug for tests.
   console.debug = () => {};
@@ -78,7 +79,9 @@ export async function setup(
     false,
   );
 
-  return createGame(humans, [], gameMap, miniGameMap, config);
+  const game = createGame(humans, [], gameMap, miniGameMap, config);
+  if (autoEndSpawnPhase) game.endSpawnPhase();
+  return game;
 }
 
 export function playerInfo(name: string, type: PlayerType): PlayerInfo {