From dbd4beef11ec1079606426ea0f3d25d1d689be66 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: FloPinguin <25036848+FloPinguin@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Jun 2026 19:56:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] feat: add impassable terrain for non-rectangular maps

---
 map-generator/README.md                       |  10 +
 map-generator/map_generator.go                |  80 +++-
 .../controllers/BuildPreviewController.ts     |  27 +-
 src/client/render/gl/utils/ColorUtils.ts      |  14 +-
 src/client/render/gl/utils/NukeTrajectory.ts  |  78 ++-
 src/client/view/GameView.ts                   |   3 +
 src/core/configuration/Config.ts              |   2 +
 src/core/execution/AttackExecution.ts         |   6 +-
 src/core/execution/NationExecution.ts         |   6 +-
 src/core/execution/NukeExecution.ts           |  21 +-
 src/core/execution/Util.ts                    |   3 +-
 .../execution/nation/NationNukeBehavior.ts    |  40 ++
 src/core/execution/utils/AiAttackBehavior.ts  |  11 +-
 src/core/game/Game.ts                         |   1 +
 src/core/game/GameImpl.ts                     |   6 +
 src/core/game/GameMap.ts                      |  18 +-
 src/core/game/PlayerImpl.ts                   |  16 +-
 src/core/game/WaterManager.ts                 |  17 +-
 tests/ImpassableTerrain.test.ts               | 451 ++++++++++++++++++
 tests/NukeTrajectory.test.ts                  | 134 ++++++
 20 files changed, 906 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/ImpassableTerrain.test.ts
 create mode 100644 tests/NukeTrajectory.test.ts

diff --git a/map-generator/README.md b/map-generator/README.md
index af089f8f3..5efd142d8 100644
--- a/map-generator/README.md
+++ b/map-generator/README.md
@@ -86,6 +86,16 @@ If you are doing work in image editing software or using automated tools, `./map
 - `Pixel` -> `Terrain Type & Magnitude` mapping in `GenerateMap`
 - `Terrain Type` -> `Thumbnail Color` mapping in `getThumbnailColor`
 
+### Impassable Terrain
+
+Pure black pixels (`#000000` / `rgb(0, 0, 0)` with alpha ≥ 20) are encoded as **impassable terrain**. This is a solid, static void that:
+
+- Cannot be owned, attacked, or nuked.
+- Nuke trajectories cannot pass over it (just as they cannot leave the map border).
+- Renders as the map background colour, making the map appear non-rectangular.
+
+Use impassable terrain to carve out non-rectangular map shapes or to create barriers that divide regions without water.
+
 In-Game, terrain is rendered using themes. The color of a tile is determined dynamically based on
 its **Terrain Type** and **Magnitude**. Theme Files:
 
diff --git a/map-generator/map_generator.go b/map-generator/map_generator.go
index 83a96054c..db7dd8bae 100644
--- a/map-generator/map_generator.go
+++ b/map-generator/map_generator.go
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ type TerrainType uint8
 const (
 	Land TerrainType = iota
 	Water
+	Impassable
 )
 
 // Terrain represents the properties of a single map tile.
@@ -90,15 +91,20 @@ type GeneratorArgs struct {
 // For Water tiles, "Magnitude" is calculated during generation as the distance to the nearest land.
 //
 // Pixel -> Terrain & Magnitude mapping
-// | Input Condition    | Terrain Type    | Magnitude          | Notes                            |
-// | :----------------- | :-------------- | :----------------- | :------------------------------- |
-// | **Alpha < 20**     | Water           | Distance to Land\* | Transparent pixels become water. |
-// | **Blue = 106**     | Water           | Distance to Land\* | Specific key color for water.    |
-// | **Blue < 140**     | Land (Plains)   | 0                  | Clamped to minimum magnitude.    |
-// | **Blue 140 - 158** | Land (Plains)   | 0 - 9              | 					 					 					 		|
-// | **Blue 159 - 178** | Land (Highland) | 10 - 19            | 					 					 					 		|
-// | **Blue 179 - 200** | Land (Mountain) | 20 - 30            | 				 					 					 			|
-// | **Blue > 200**     | Land (Mountain) | 30                 | Clamped to maximum magnitude.    |
+// | Input Condition    | Terrain Type     | Magnitude          | Notes                            |
+// | :----------------- | :--------------- | :----------------- | :------------------------------- |
+// | **Alpha < 20**     | Water            | Distance to Land\* | Transparent pixels become water. |
+// | **Blue = 106**     | Water            | Distance to Land\* | Specific key color for water.    |
+// | **#000 (black)**   | Impassable       | 31 (fixed)         | Solid void; cannot be owned/attacked/nuked. |
+// | **Blue < 140**     | Land (Plains)    | 0                  | Clamped to minimum magnitude.    |
+// | **Blue 140 - 158** | Land (Plains)    | 0 - 9              | 					 					 					 		|
+// | **Blue 159 - 178** | Land (Highland)  | 10 - 19            | 					 					 					 		|
+// | **Blue 179 - 200** | Land (Mountain)  | 20 - 30            | 				 					 					 			|
+// | **Blue > 200**     | Land (Mountain)  | 30                 | Clamped to maximum magnitude.    |
+//
+// Impassable terrain is encoded in the binary format as isLand=1 + magnitude=31.
+// It renders as the map background colour (making the map appear non-rectangular)
+// and cannot be owned, attacked, or nuked. Nuke trajectories cannot cross it.
 //
 // Misc Notes
 //   - It normalizes map width/height to multiples of 4 for the mini map downscaling.
@@ -132,14 +138,19 @@ func GenerateMap(ctx context.Context, args GeneratorArgs) (MapResult, error) {
 	// Process each pixel
 	for x := 0; x < width; x++ {
 		for y := 0; y < height; y++ {
-			_, _, b, a := img.At(x, y).RGBA()
+			r, g, b, a := img.At(x, y).RGBA()
 			// Convert from 16-bit to 8-bit values
-			alpha := uint8(a >> 8)
+			red := uint8(r >> 8)
+			green := uint8(g >> 8)
 			blue := uint8(b >> 8)
+			alpha := uint8(a >> 8)
 
 			if alpha < 20 || blue == 106 {
 				// Transparent or specific blue value = water
 				terrain[x][y] = Terrain{Type: Water}
+			} else if red == 0 && green == 0 && blue == 0 {
+				// Pure black (#000) = impassable terrain
+				terrain[x][y] = Terrain{Type: Impassable}
 			} else {
 				// Land
 				terrain[x][y] = Terrain{Type: Land}
@@ -239,8 +250,9 @@ func convertToWebP(thumb ThumbData) ([]byte, error) {
 
 // createMiniMap downscales the terrain grid by half.
 // It maps 2x2 blocks of input tiles to a single output tile.
-// The logic prioritizes Water: if any of the 4 source tiles is Water,
-// the resulting mini-map tile becomes Water.
+// Priority: Impassable > Water > Land. If any of the 4 source tiles is
+// Impassable, the result is Impassable; else if any is Water, the result is
+// Water; otherwise the last Land tile wins.
 func createMiniMap(tm [][]Terrain) [][]Terrain {
 	width := len(tm)
 	height := len(tm[0])
@@ -258,12 +270,24 @@ func createMiniMap(tm [][]Terrain) [][]Terrain {
 			miniX := x / 2
 			miniY := y / 2
 
-			if miniX < miniWidth && miniY < miniHeight {
-				// If any of the 4 tiles has water, mini tile is water
-				if miniMap[miniX][miniY].Type != Water {
-					miniMap[miniX][miniY] = tm[x][y]
-				}
+			if miniX >= miniWidth || miniY >= miniHeight {
+				continue
 			}
+			src := tm[x][y]
+			dst := &miniMap[miniX][miniY]
+			// Impassable wins over everything; once set, keep it.
+			if dst.Type == Impassable {
+				continue
+			}
+			if src.Type == Impassable {
+				*dst = src
+				continue
+			}
+			// Water wins over land; once set to water, keep it.
+			if dst.Type == Water {
+				continue
+			}
+			*dst = src
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -296,7 +320,7 @@ func processShore(ctx context.Context, terrain [][]Terrain) []Coord {
 						break
 					}
 				}
-			} else {
+			} else if tile.Type == Water {
 				// Water tile adjacent to land is shoreline
 				for _, c := range buf[:n] {
 					if terrain[c.X][c.Y].Type == Land {
@@ -306,6 +330,7 @@ func processShore(ctx context.Context, terrain [][]Terrain) []Coord {
 					}
 				}
 			}
+			// Impassable tiles: never shoreline (renders as background, no outline)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -567,6 +592,9 @@ func removeSmallIslands(ctx context.Context, terrain [][]Terrain, minSize int, r
 //   - Bit 5: Ocean
 //   - Bits 0-4: Magnitude (0-31). For Water, this is (Distance / 2).
 //
+// Impassable tiles are encoded as 0b10011111 (isLand=1, magnitude=31) and are
+// NOT counted in numLandTiles (they cannot be owned/attacked/nuked).
+//
 // Returns the packed data and the count of land tiles.
 func packTerrain(ctx context.Context, terrain [][]Terrain) (data []byte, numLandTiles int) {
 	width := len(terrain)
@@ -577,6 +605,14 @@ func packTerrain(ctx context.Context, terrain [][]Terrain) (data []byte, numLand
 	for x := 0; x < width; x++ {
 		for y := 0; y < height; y++ {
 			tile := terrain[x][y]
+
+			if tile.Type == Impassable {
+				// Impassable: isLand=1, magnitude=31, no shoreline, no ocean.
+				// Not counted as a land tile (can't be owned/attacked/nuked).
+				packedData[y*width+x] = 0b10011111
+				continue
+			}
+
 			var packedByte byte = 0
 
 			if tile.Type == Land {
@@ -652,6 +688,9 @@ type RGBA struct {
 // color schemes.
 //
 // For thumbnail purposes, the terrain type -> color mapping:
+//   - Impassable: (Transparent) — renders as the map background in-game, so
+//     the thumbnail matches by being transparent (the map picker background
+//     shows through).
 //   - Water Shoreline: (Transparent)
 //   - Deep Water: (Transparent)
 //   - Land Shoreline: `rgb(204, 203, 158)`
@@ -659,6 +698,9 @@ type RGBA struct {
 //   - Highlands (Mag 10-19): `rgb(220, 203, 158)` - `rgb(238, 221, 176)`
 //   - Mountains (Mag >= 20): `rgb(240, 240, 240)` - `rgb(245, 245, 245)`
 func getThumbnailColor(t Terrain) RGBA {
+	if t.Type == Impassable {
+		return RGBA{R: 0, G: 0, B: 0, A: 0}
+	}
 	if t.Type == Water {
 		// Shoreline water
 		if t.Shoreline {
diff --git a/src/client/controllers/BuildPreviewController.ts b/src/client/controllers/BuildPreviewController.ts
index 3dfaa22ca..f79f98802 100644
--- a/src/client/controllers/BuildPreviewController.ts
+++ b/src/client/controllers/BuildPreviewController.ts
@@ -72,13 +72,15 @@ export class BuildPreviewController implements Controller {
   private lastGhostData: GhostPreviewData | null = null;
 
   // Static inputs for the nuke trajectory preview (source silo + threatening
-  // SAMs). Recomputed in the throttled renderGhost path; cursorLoop rebuilds
-  // the Bezier each frame with the live cursor position as the destination so
-  // the arc tracks the cursor smoothly instead of snapping tile-to-tile.
+  // SAMs + impassable-terrain blocker). Recomputed in the throttled renderGhost
+  // path; cursorLoop rebuilds the Bezier each frame with the live cursor
+  // position as the destination so the arc tracks the cursor smoothly instead
+  // of snapping tile-to-tile.
   private nukeTrajectoryStatic: {
     srcX: number;
     srcY: number;
     sams: SAMInfo[];
+    isBlocked: (x: number, y: number) => boolean;
   } | null = null;
 
   constructor(
@@ -143,6 +145,7 @@ export class BuildPreviewController implements Controller {
               this.game.height(),
               this.uiState.rocketDirectionUp,
               traj.sams,
+              traj.isBlocked,
             ),
           );
         }
@@ -190,6 +193,11 @@ export class BuildPreviewController implements Controller {
     );
     if (this.game.isValidCoord(tile.x, tile.y)) {
       tileRef = this.game.ref(tile.x, tile.y);
+      // Impassable terrain is a void — treat hovering over it the same as
+      // hovering outside the map (no ghost, no trajectory, no blast circle).
+      if (this.game.isImpassable(tileRef)) {
+        tileRef = undefined;
+      }
     }
 
     // Check if targeting an ally (for nuke warning visual)
@@ -364,7 +372,18 @@ export class BuildPreviewController implements Controller {
 
     // Stash the static inputs; cursorLoop rebuilds the Bezier each frame with
     // the live cursor as the destination so the arc tracks smoothly.
-    this.nukeTrajectoryStatic = { srcX, srcY, sams };
+    // The isBlocked callback tests impassable terrain so the trajectory turns
+    // red with a red X where it would cross impassable terrain (matching the
+    // simulation's abort-on-impassable behavior).
+    this.nukeTrajectoryStatic = {
+      srcX,
+      srcY,
+      sams,
+      isBlocked: (x: number, y: number) => {
+        if (!this.game.isValidCoord(x, y)) return false;
+        return this.game.isImpassable(this.game.ref(x, y));
+      },
+    };
   }
 
   private clearNukeTrajectory(): void {
diff --git a/src/client/render/gl/utils/ColorUtils.ts b/src/client/render/gl/utils/ColorUtils.ts
index 038332bdf..017c3daa3 100644
--- a/src/client/render/gl/utils/ColorUtils.ts
+++ b/src/client/render/gl/utils/ColorUtils.ts
@@ -45,6 +45,11 @@ const DEEP_WATER_BASE: readonly [number, number, number] = hexToRgb(
  *   bit 6: isShoreline
  *   bit 5: isOcean  (water only)
  *   bits 0-4: magnitude (0-31)
+ *
+ * Impassable terrain is encoded as isLand=1 + magnitude=31. It renders as
+ * the map background colour (matching `gl.clearColor` in Renderer.ts) so the
+ * map appears non-rectangular — the impassable regions are visually
+ * indistinguishable from the area outside the map.
  */
 /** Encode one terrain byte → RGBA, writing into `out[offset..offset+3]`. */
 export function encodeTerrainTile(
@@ -59,7 +64,14 @@ export function encodeTerrainTile(
 
   let r: number, g: number, b: number;
 
-  if (isLand && isShoreline) {
+  // Impassable terrain: render as the map background colour so it blends
+  // with the area outside the map quad. Must match the clear colour in
+  // Renderer.ts drawBaseLayer(): gl.clearColor(60/255, 60/255, 60/255).
+  if (isLand && magnitude === 31) {
+    r = 60;
+    g = 60;
+    b = 60;
+  } else if (isLand && isShoreline) {
     // Shore (sand)
     r = 204;
     g = 203;
diff --git a/src/client/render/gl/utils/NukeTrajectory.ts b/src/client/render/gl/utils/NukeTrajectory.ts
index d020a6542..d2016574a 100644
--- a/src/client/render/gl/utils/NukeTrajectory.ts
+++ b/src/client/render/gl/utils/NukeTrajectory.ts
@@ -125,10 +125,19 @@ function refineCrossing(
 
 /**
  * Sample the Bezier curve at regular t intervals and find color threshold
- * t-values for untargetable zones and SAM intercept.
+ * t-values for untargetable zones, SAM intercept, and impassable terrain.
  *
  * Uses binary search refinement for sub-sample precision so that zone
  * boundary markers don't jiggle when the cursor moves.
+ *
+ * @param isBlocked Optional callback: given a continuous (x, y) point on the
+ *                  Bezier, returns true if that point falls on impassable
+ *                  terrain. The scan covers the ENTIRE curve (including the
+ *                  untargetable mid-air zone), because impassable terrain
+ *                  blocks the nuke regardless of targetability. When a
+ *                  blocked point is found, its t-value is merged into
+ *                  `tSamIntercept` (via min) so the existing red-line + red-X
+ *                  machinery renders the trajectory as blocked.
  */
 export function computeTrajectoryThresholds(
   cp: {
@@ -146,6 +155,7 @@ export function computeTrajectoryThresholds(
   dstX: number,
   dstY: number,
   sams: readonly SAMInfo[],
+  isBlocked?: (x: number, y: number) => boolean,
 ): {
   tUntargetableStart: number;
   tUntargetableEnd: number;
@@ -154,6 +164,7 @@ export function computeTrajectoryThresholds(
   let tUntargetableStart = -1;
   let tUntargetableEnd = -1;
   let tSamIntercept = 1.0;
+  let tBlocked = 1.0;
 
   const dt = 1.0 / THRESHOLD_SAMPLES;
 
@@ -232,12 +243,66 @@ export function computeTrajectoryThresholds(
     }
   }
 
+  // Pass 3: find impassable terrain intercept (scan the ENTIRE curve —
+  // impassable terrain blocks the nuke regardless of targetability, so
+  // unlike SAMs we do NOT skip the untargetable mid-air zone).
+  if (isBlocked) {
+    for (let i = 1; i <= THRESHOLD_SAMPLES; i++) {
+      const t = i * dt;
+      const x = bezier(t, cp.p0x, cp.p1x, cp.p2x, cp.p3x);
+      const y = bezier(t, cp.p0y, cp.p1y, cp.p2y, cp.p3y);
+      // Mirror the simulation's tile-sampling: floor to integer tile coords.
+      if (isBlocked(Math.floor(x), Math.floor(y))) {
+        tBlocked = refineBlockedCrossing(cp, isBlocked, t - dt, t);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    // Merge: the earlier of SAM intercept and impassable block determines
+    // where the trajectory turns red + shows the X.
+    tSamIntercept = Math.min(tSamIntercept, tBlocked);
+  }
+
   return { tUntargetableStart, tUntargetableEnd, tSamIntercept };
 }
 
+/**
+ * Binary-search for the exact t where the curve first enters a blocked tile.
+ * Unlike refineCrossing (which uses a radial distance test), this tests
+ * isBlocked on the floored integer tile at each subdivision point.
+ */
+function refineBlockedCrossing(
+  cp: {
+    p0x: number;
+    p0y: number;
+    p1x: number;
+    p1y: number;
+    p2x: number;
+    p2y: number;
+    p3x: number;
+    p3y: number;
+  },
+  isBlocked: (x: number, y: number) => boolean,
+  tLo: number,
+  tHi: number,
+): number {
+  for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+    const tMid = (tLo + tHi) * 0.5;
+    const x = Math.floor(bezier(tMid, cp.p0x, cp.p1x, cp.p2x, cp.p3x));
+    const y = Math.floor(bezier(tMid, cp.p0y, cp.p1y, cp.p2y, cp.p3y));
+    if (isBlocked(x, y)) tHi = tMid;
+    else tLo = tMid;
+  }
+  return (tLo + tHi) * 0.5;
+}
+
 /**
  * Build complete NukeTrajectoryData from source/target positions.
  * Convenience function combining control point + threshold computation.
+ *
+ * @param isBlocked Optional callback: returns true if a floored (x, y) point
+ *                  on the Bezier is impassable terrain. When provided, the
+ *                  trajectory turns red and shows the red X at the first
+ *                  impassable tile (merged with any SAM intercept).
  */
 export function buildNukeTrajectory(
   srcX: number,
@@ -247,6 +312,7 @@ export function buildNukeTrajectory(
   mapH: number,
   directionUp: boolean,
   sams: readonly SAMInfo[],
+  isBlocked?: (x: number, y: number) => boolean,
 ): NukeTrajectoryData {
   const cp = computeNukeControlPoints(
     srcX,
@@ -256,6 +322,14 @@ export function buildNukeTrajectory(
     mapH,
     directionUp,
   );
-  const th = computeTrajectoryThresholds(cp, srcX, srcY, dstX, dstY, sams);
+  const th = computeTrajectoryThresholds(
+    cp,
+    srcX,
+    srcY,
+    dstX,
+    dstY,
+    sams,
+    isBlocked,
+  );
   return { ...cp, ...th };
 }
diff --git a/src/client/view/GameView.ts b/src/client/view/GameView.ts
index 961db0a0f..3d5ba9053 100644
--- a/src/client/view/GameView.ts
+++ b/src/client/view/GameView.ts
@@ -1112,6 +1112,9 @@ export class GameView implements GameMap {
   isLand(ref: TileRef): boolean {
     return this._map.isLand(ref);
   }
+  isImpassable(ref: TileRef): boolean {
+    return this._map.isImpassable(ref);
+  }
   isOceanShore(ref: TileRef): boolean {
     return this._map.isOceanShore(ref);
   }
diff --git a/src/core/configuration/Config.ts b/src/core/configuration/Config.ts
index 16d7ebee6..1c78b936d 100644
--- a/src/core/configuration/Config.ts
+++ b/src/core/configuration/Config.ts
@@ -588,6 +588,8 @@ export class Config {
         mag = 120;
         speed = 25;
         break;
+      case TerrainType.Impassable:
+        throw new Error(`impassable terrain cannot be attacked`);
       default:
         throw new Error(`terrain type ${type} not supported`);
     }
diff --git a/src/core/execution/AttackExecution.ts b/src/core/execution/AttackExecution.ts
index ea41ab03c..6271cfb37 100644
--- a/src/core/execution/AttackExecution.ts
+++ b/src/core/execution/AttackExecution.ts
@@ -296,7 +296,10 @@ export class AttackExecution implements Execution {
       if (this.map.ownerID(tileToConquer) !== this.targetSmallID || !onBorder) {
         continue;
       }
-      if (!this.map.isLand(tileToConquer)) {
+      if (
+        !this.map.isLand(tileToConquer) ||
+        this.map.isImpassable(tileToConquer)
+      ) {
         continue;
       }
       this.addNeighbors(tileToConquer);
@@ -341,6 +344,7 @@ export class AttackExecution implements Execution {
       const neighbor = this.nbuf[i];
       if (
         this.map.isWater(neighbor) ||
+        this.map.isImpassable(neighbor) ||
         this.map.ownerID(neighbor) !== this.targetSmallID
       ) {
         continue;
diff --git a/src/core/execution/NationExecution.ts b/src/core/execution/NationExecution.ts
index 6cc60cdb3..d62e24c52 100644
--- a/src/core/execution/NationExecution.ts
+++ b/src/core/execution/NationExecution.ts
@@ -274,7 +274,11 @@ export class NationExecution implements Execution {
         continue;
       }
       const tile = this.mg.ref(x, y);
-      if (this.mg.isLand(tile) && !this.mg.hasOwner(tile)) {
+      if (
+        this.mg.isLand(tile) &&
+        !this.mg.hasOwner(tile) &&
+        !this.mg.isImpassable(tile)
+      ) {
         if (
           this.mg.terrainType(tile) === TerrainType.Mountain &&
           this.random.chance(2)
diff --git a/src/core/execution/NukeExecution.ts b/src/core/execution/NukeExecution.ts
index 395ec8767..284724e75 100644
--- a/src/core/execution/NukeExecution.ts
+++ b/src/core/execution/NukeExecution.ts
@@ -107,14 +107,20 @@ export class NukeExecution implements Execution {
             const threshold = radiiSq[i0] * (1 - frac) + radiiSq[i1] * frac;
             if (d2 > threshold) continue;
           }
-          result.add(this.mg.ref(px, py));
+          const tile = this.mg.ref(px, py);
+          if (this.mg.isImpassable(tile)) continue;
+          result.add(tile);
         }
       }
       this.tilesToDestroyCache = result;
     } else {
       this.tilesToDestroyCache = this.mg.bfs(this.dst, (_, n: TileRef) => {
         const d2 = this.mg?.euclideanDistSquared(this.dst, n) ?? 0;
-        return d2 <= outer2 && (d2 <= inner2 || rand.chance(2));
+        return (
+          d2 <= outer2 &&
+          (d2 <= inner2 || rand.chance(2)) &&
+          !this.mg.isImpassable(n)
+        );
       });
     }
     return this.tilesToDestroyCache;
@@ -184,6 +190,17 @@ export class NukeExecution implements Execution {
         return;
       }
       this.src = spawn;
+      // Nuke trajectories cannot pass over impassable terrain, just as they
+      // cannot exceed the map border. Check the full parabola path before
+      // launching; if any tile is impassable, abort the launch.
+      const path = this.pathFinder.findPath(spawn, this.dst) ?? [];
+      for (const tile of path) {
+        if (this.mg.isImpassable(tile)) {
+          console.warn(`nuke trajectory crosses impassable terrain`);
+          this.active = false;
+          return;
+        }
+      }
       this.nuke = this.player.buildUnit(this.nukeType, spawn, {
         targetTile: this.dst,
         trajectory: this.getTrajectory(this.dst),
diff --git a/src/core/execution/Util.ts b/src/core/execution/Util.ts
index d3e062a6a..5642e41ff 100644
--- a/src/core/execution/Util.ts
+++ b/src/core/execution/Util.ts
@@ -143,7 +143,8 @@ export function getSpawnTiles(
 ): TileRef[] | null {
   const spawnTiles = Array.from(gm.bfs(tile, euclDistFN(tile, 4, true)));
 
-  const isInvalid = (t: TileRef) => gm.hasOwner(t) || !gm.isLand(t);
+  const isInvalid = (t: TileRef) =>
+    gm.hasOwner(t) || !gm.isLand(t) || gm.isImpassable(t);
 
   if (!requireAllValid) {
     return spawnTiles.filter((t) => !isInvalid(t));
diff --git a/src/core/execution/nation/NationNukeBehavior.ts b/src/core/execution/nation/NationNukeBehavior.ts
index f6b6809b2..90ecdd543 100644
--- a/src/core/execution/nation/NationNukeBehavior.ts
+++ b/src/core/execution/nation/NationNukeBehavior.ts
@@ -147,6 +147,12 @@ export class NationNukeBehavior {
         continue;
       }
 
+      // On all difficulties, avoid trajectories that cross impassable terrain
+      // (the simulation aborts such launches — see NukeExecution).
+      if (this.isTrajectoryBlockedByImpassable(spawnTile, tile)) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
       const value = this.nukeTileScore(tile, silos, structures, nukeType);
       if (value > bestValue) {
         bestTile = tile;
@@ -627,6 +633,30 @@ export class NationNukeBehavior {
     return false;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Check if the parabolic nuke trajectory from spawnTile to targetTile
+   * crosses any impassable terrain. Mirrors the check in NukeExecution that
+   * aborts such launches — if we don't check here, the AI wastes gold on
+   * nukes that silently fail at launch time.
+   */
+  private isTrajectoryBlockedByImpassable(
+    spawnTile: TileRef,
+    targetTile: TileRef,
+  ): boolean {
+    const pathFinder = UniversalPathFinding.Parabola(this.game, {
+      increment: this.game.config().defaultNukeSpeed(),
+      distanceBasedHeight: true,
+      directionUp: true,
+    });
+    const path = pathFinder.findPath(spawnTile, targetTile) ?? [];
+    for (const tile of path) {
+      if (this.game.isImpassable(tile)) {
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
   private isValidNukeTile(t: TileRef, nukeTarget: Player | null): boolean {
     const difficulty = this.game.config().gameConfig().difficulty;
 
@@ -855,6 +885,10 @@ export class NationNukeBehavior {
         });
         const trajectory = pathFinder.findPath(silo.tile(), targetTile) ?? [];
         if (trajectory.length === 0) continue;
+        // Skip silos whose trajectory crosses impassable terrain — the
+        // simulation would abort these launches (see NukeExecution).
+        if (this.isTrajectoryBlockedByImpassable(silo.tile(), targetTile))
+          continue;
         allAvailableSilos.push({
           silo,
           slots: availableSlots,
@@ -1044,6 +1078,8 @@ export class NationNukeBehavior {
 
     // First pass: find silos with an unblocked trajectory to the failed
     // target. Only these contribute slots to the overwhelm plan.
+    // "Unblocked" means not interceptable by non-covering enemy SAMs AND
+    // not crossing impassable terrain (the sim aborts those launches).
     const unblockedSilos: Unit[] = [];
     for (const silo of silos) {
       if (
@@ -1051,6 +1087,10 @@ export class NationNukeBehavior {
           silo.tile(),
           failedTarget.targetTile,
           failedTarget.coveringSamIds,
+        ) &&
+        !this.isTrajectoryBlockedByImpassable(
+          silo.tile(),
+          failedTarget.targetTile,
         )
       ) {
         unblockedSilos.push(silo);
diff --git a/src/core/execution/utils/AiAttackBehavior.ts b/src/core/execution/utils/AiAttackBehavior.ts
index 59efba946..70efd5a76 100644
--- a/src/core/execution/utils/AiAttackBehavior.ts
+++ b/src/core/execution/utils/AiAttackBehavior.ts
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ export class AiAttackBehavior {
       .filter(
         (t) =>
           this.game.isLand(t) &&
+          !this.game.isImpassable(t) &&
           this.game.ownerID(t) !== this.player?.smallID(),
       );
     const playerNeighbors = this.player.nearby();
@@ -171,6 +172,9 @@ export class AiAttackBehavior {
       if (!this.game.isLand(randTile)) {
         continue;
       }
+      if (this.game.isImpassable(randTile)) {
+        continue;
+      }
       const owner = this.game.owner(randTile);
       if (owner === this.player) {
         continue;
@@ -764,7 +768,11 @@ export class AiAttackBehavior {
   private hasLandBorderWithTerraNullius(): boolean {
     for (const border of this.player.borderTiles()) {
       for (const neighbor of this.game.neighbors(border)) {
-        if (this.game.isLand(neighbor) && !this.game.hasOwner(neighbor)) {
+        if (
+          this.game.isLand(neighbor) &&
+          !this.game.isImpassable(neighbor) &&
+          !this.game.hasOwner(neighbor)
+        ) {
           return true;
         }
       }
@@ -809,6 +817,7 @@ export class AiAttackBehavior {
         if (!this.game.isValidCoord(nx, ny)) continue;
         const tile = this.game.ref(nx, ny);
         if (!this.game.isLand(tile)) continue;
+        if (this.game.isImpassable(tile)) continue;
         if (this.game.hasOwner(tile)) continue;
         if (this.game.hasFallout(tile)) continue;
         if (!canBuildTransportShip(this.game, this.player, tile)) continue;
diff --git a/src/core/game/Game.ts b/src/core/game/Game.ts
index dfb751e0a..63e3d160e 100644
--- a/src/core/game/Game.ts
+++ b/src/core/game/Game.ts
@@ -334,6 +334,7 @@ export enum TerrainType {
   Highland,
   Mountain,
   Ocean,
+  Impassable,
 }
 
 export enum PlayerType {
diff --git a/src/core/game/GameImpl.ts b/src/core/game/GameImpl.ts
index 04a1473a0..6484a79f8 100644
--- a/src/core/game/GameImpl.ts
+++ b/src/core/game/GameImpl.ts
@@ -694,6 +694,9 @@ export class GameImpl implements Game {
     if (!this.isLand(tile)) {
       throw Error(`cannot conquer water`);
     }
+    if (this.isImpassable(tile)) {
+      throw Error(`cannot conquer impassable terrain`);
+    }
     const previousOwner = this.owner(tile) as TerraNullius | PlayerImpl;
     if (previousOwner.isPlayer()) {
       previousOwner._lastTileChange = this._ticks;
@@ -1075,6 +1078,9 @@ export class GameImpl implements Game {
   isLand(ref: TileRef): boolean {
     return this._map.isLand(ref);
   }
+  isImpassable(ref: TileRef): boolean {
+    return this._map.isImpassable(ref);
+  }
   isOceanShore(ref: TileRef): boolean {
     return this._map.isOceanShore(ref);
   }
diff --git a/src/core/game/GameMap.ts b/src/core/game/GameMap.ts
index 39b87f3fd..fa9e58184 100644
--- a/src/core/game/GameMap.ts
+++ b/src/core/game/GameMap.ts
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ export interface GameMap {
   isValidCoord(x: number, y: number): boolean;
   // Terrain getters
   isLand(ref: TileRef): boolean;
+  isImpassable(ref: TileRef): boolean;
   isOceanShore(ref: TileRef): boolean;
   isOcean(ref: TileRef): boolean;
   isShoreline(ref: TileRef): boolean;
@@ -118,6 +119,11 @@ export class GameMapImpl implements GameMap {
   private static readonly SHORELINE_BIT = 6;
   private static readonly OCEAN_BIT = 5;
   private static readonly MAGNITUDE_MASK = 0x1f; // 11111 in binary
+  // Land tiles with magnitude == IMPASSABLE_MAGNITUDE are impassable terrain:
+  // solid ground that cannot be owned, attacked, or nuked, and that nuke
+  // trajectories cannot cross. Rendered as the map background colour so the
+  // map appears non-rectangular.
+  private static readonly IMPASSABLE_MAGNITUDE = 31;
 
   // State bits (Uint16Array)
   private static readonly PLAYER_ID_MASK = 0xfff;
@@ -207,6 +213,14 @@ export class GameMapImpl implements GameMap {
     return Boolean(this.terrain[ref] & (1 << GameMapImpl.IS_LAND_BIT));
   }
 
+  isImpassable(ref: TileRef): boolean {
+    return (
+      this.isLand(ref) &&
+      (this.terrain[ref] & GameMapImpl.MAGNITUDE_MASK) ===
+        GameMapImpl.IMPASSABLE_MAGNITUDE
+    );
+  }
+
   isOceanShore(ref: TileRef): boolean {
     if (!this.isLand(ref)) {
       return false;
@@ -237,7 +251,7 @@ export class GameMapImpl implements GameMap {
   }
 
   setWater(ref: TileRef): void {
-    if (!this.isLand(ref)) return;
+    if (!this.isLand(ref) || this.isImpassable(ref)) return;
     this.terrain[ref] = 0; // Lake water: no land, no ocean, no shoreline, magnitude 0
     this.numLandTiles_--;
   }
@@ -349,6 +363,8 @@ export class GameMapImpl implements GameMap {
   terrainType(ref: TileRef): TerrainType {
     if (this.isLand(ref)) {
       const magnitude = this.magnitude(ref);
+      if (magnitude >= GameMapImpl.IMPASSABLE_MAGNITUDE)
+        return TerrainType.Impassable;
       if (magnitude < 10) return TerrainType.Plains;
       if (magnitude < 20) return TerrainType.Highland;
       return TerrainType.Mountain;
diff --git a/src/core/game/PlayerImpl.ts b/src/core/game/PlayerImpl.ts
index 3cfe71034..526eb83d7 100644
--- a/src/core/game/PlayerImpl.ts
+++ b/src/core/game/PlayerImpl.ts
@@ -477,7 +477,10 @@ export class PlayerImpl implements Player {
     const ns: Set<Player | TerraNullius> = new Set();
     for (const border of this.borderTiles()) {
       for (const neighbor of this.mg.map().neighbors(border)) {
-        if (this.mg.map().isLand(neighbor)) {
+        if (
+          this.mg.map().isLand(neighbor) &&
+          !this.mg.map().isImpassable(neighbor)
+        ) {
           const owner = this.mg.map().ownerID(neighbor);
           if (owner !== this.smallID()) {
             ns.add(
@@ -526,6 +529,7 @@ export class PlayerImpl implements Player {
         if (!map.isValidCoord(nx, ny)) continue;
         const tile = map.ref(nx, ny);
         if (!map.isLand(tile)) continue;
+        if (map.isImpassable(tile)) continue;
         if (!map.hasOwner(tile) && map.hasFallout(tile)) continue;
         const owner = map.ownerID(tile);
         if (owner !== this.smallID()) {
@@ -1380,6 +1384,10 @@ export class PlayerImpl implements Player {
     if (mg.isSpawnImmunityActive()) {
       return false;
     }
+    // Impassable terrain cannot be nuked.
+    if (mg.isImpassable(tile)) {
+      return false;
+    }
     const owner = this.mg.owner(tile);
     // Allow nuking teammates after the game is over (aftergame fun)
     const gameOver = mg.getWinner() !== null;
@@ -1463,7 +1471,7 @@ export class PlayerImpl implements Player {
   }
 
   landBasedUnitSpawn(tile: TileRef): TileRef | false {
-    return this.mg.isLand(tile) ? tile : false;
+    return this.mg.isLand(tile) && !this.mg.isImpassable(tile) ? tile : false;
   }
 
   landBasedStructureSpawn(
@@ -1620,7 +1628,7 @@ export class PlayerImpl implements Player {
       return false;
     }
 
-    if (!this.mg.isLand(tile)) {
+    if (!this.mg.isLand(tile) || this.mg.isImpassable(tile)) {
       return false;
     }
     if (this.mg.hasOwner(tile)) {
@@ -1629,7 +1637,7 @@ export class PlayerImpl implements Player {
       for (const t of this.mg.bfs(
         tile,
         andFN(
-          (gm, t) => !gm.hasOwner(t) && gm.isLand(t),
+          (gm, t) => !gm.hasOwner(t) && gm.isLand(t) && !gm.isImpassable(t),
           manhattanDistFN(tile, 200),
         ),
       )) {
diff --git a/src/core/game/WaterManager.ts b/src/core/game/WaterManager.ts
index 4af979fc6..09478c597 100644
--- a/src/core/game/WaterManager.ts
+++ b/src/core/game/WaterManager.ts
@@ -54,7 +54,11 @@ export class WaterManager {
       const converted: TileRef[] = [];
       for (const tile of this._pendingWaterTiles) {
         // Tile may have been conquered between queueing and flushing
-        if (this.map.isLand(tile) && !this.map.hasOwner(tile)) {
+        if (
+          this.map.isLand(tile) &&
+          !this.map.hasOwner(tile) &&
+          !this.map.isImpassable(tile)
+        ) {
           if (this.map.hasFallout(tile)) {
             this.map.setFallout(tile, false);
           }
@@ -373,10 +377,21 @@ export class WaterManager {
       }
     }
     for (const tile of tilesToCheck) {
+      // Impassable tiles never get shoreline — they render as the map
+      // background, so no sand/water outline should appear around them.
+      if (map.isImpassable(tile)) {
+        if (map.isShoreline(tile)) {
+          map.clearShorelineBit(tile);
+          changed.add(tile);
+        }
+        continue;
+      }
       const tileIsLand = map.isLand(tile);
       let hasOpposite = false;
       const end = pushNeighbors(tile, nb, 0);
       for (let i = 0; i < end; i++) {
+        // Impassable neighbors don't create shorelines (void, not coast).
+        if (map.isImpassable(nb[i])) continue;
         if (map.isLand(nb[i]) !== tileIsLand) {
           hasOpposite = true;
           break;
diff --git a/tests/ImpassableTerrain.test.ts b/tests/ImpassableTerrain.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f0bc49b1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ImpassableTerrain.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,451 @@
+import { encodeTerrainTile } from "../src/client/render/gl/utils/ColorUtils";
+import { AttackExecution } from "../src/core/execution/AttackExecution";
+import { NationAllianceBehavior } from "../src/core/execution/nation/NationAllianceBehavior";
+import { NationEmojiBehavior } from "../src/core/execution/nation/NationEmojiBehavior";
+import { NationNukeBehavior } from "../src/core/execution/nation/NationNukeBehavior";
+import { NukeExecution } from "../src/core/execution/NukeExecution";
+import { AiAttackBehavior } from "../src/core/execution/utils/AiAttackBehavior";
+import {
+  Difficulty,
+  Game,
+  GameMapSize,
+  GameMapType,
+  GameMode,
+  GameType,
+  Player,
+  PlayerInfo,
+  PlayerType,
+  TerrainType,
+  UnitType,
+} from "../src/core/game/Game";
+import { createGame } from "../src/core/game/GameImpl";
+import { genTerrainFromBin } from "../src/core/game/TerrainMapLoader";
+import { UserSettings } from "../src/core/game/UserSettings";
+import { PseudoRandom } from "../src/core/PseudoRandom";
+import { GameConfig } from "../src/core/Schemas";
+import { TestConfig } from "./util/TestConfig";
+import { executeTicks } from "./util/utils";
+
+// ─── Terrain byte constants (must match GameMapImpl) ────────────────────
+const LAND_PLAINS = 0b10000000; // isLand=1, magnitude=0 (Plains)
+const IMPASSABLE = 0b10011111; // isLand=1, magnitude=31 (Impassable)
+
+const MAP_W = 200;
+const MAP_H = 200;
+const MINI_W = 100;
+const MINI_H = 100;
+
+// The impassable wall is a vertical strip at x = WALL_X.
+const WALL_X = 100;
+const WALL_WIDTH = 2;
+
+function buildTerrain(
+  width: number,
+  height: number,
+  wallX: number,
+  wallWidth: number,
+): { data: Uint8Array; numLandTiles: number } {
+  const data = new Uint8Array(width * height);
+  let numLandTiles = 0;
+  for (let y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+    for (let x = 0; x < width; x++) {
+      const idx = y * width + x;
+      if (x >= wallX && x < wallX + wallWidth) {
+        data[idx] = IMPASSABLE;
+        // Impassable tiles are NOT counted as land tiles.
+      } else {
+        data[idx] = LAND_PLAINS;
+        numLandTiles++;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return { data, numLandTiles };
+}
+
+async function setupImpassableGame(humans: PlayerInfo[] = []): Promise<Game> {
+  console.debug = () => {};
+
+  const full = buildTerrain(MAP_W, MAP_H, WALL_X, WALL_WIDTH);
+  const mini = buildTerrain(MINI_W, MINI_H, Math.floor(WALL_X / 2), 1);
+
+  const gameMap = await genTerrainFromBin(
+    { width: MAP_W, height: MAP_H, num_land_tiles: full.numLandTiles },
+    full.data,
+  );
+  const miniGameMap = await genTerrainFromBin(
+    { width: MINI_W, height: MINI_H, num_land_tiles: mini.numLandTiles },
+    mini.data,
+  );
+
+  const gameConfig: GameConfig = {
+    gameMap: GameMapType.Asia,
+    gameMapSize: GameMapSize.Normal,
+    gameMode: GameMode.FFA,
+    gameType: GameType.Singleplayer,
+    difficulty: Difficulty.Medium,
+    nations: "default",
+    donateGold: false,
+    donateTroops: false,
+    bots: 0,
+    infiniteGold: true,
+    infiniteTroops: true,
+    instantBuild: true,
+    randomSpawn: false,
+  };
+  const config = new TestConfig(gameConfig, new UserSettings(), false);
+
+  const game = createGame(humans, [], gameMap, miniGameMap, config);
+  game.endSpawnPhase();
+  return game;
+}
+
+describe("Impassable Terrain", () => {
+  let game: Game;
+  let player: Player;
+  let other: Player;
+
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    game = await setupImpassableGame([
+      new PlayerInfo("player", PlayerType.Human, "c1", "player_id"),
+      new PlayerInfo("other", PlayerType.Human, "c2", "other_id"),
+    ]);
+    // Override nuke settings for deterministic tests.
+    (game.config() as TestConfig).nukeMagnitudes = vi.fn(() => ({
+      inner: 5,
+      outer: 5,
+    }));
+    (game.config() as TestConfig).nukeAllianceBreakThreshold = vi.fn(() => 999);
+    (game.config() as TestConfig).setDefaultNukeSpeed(50);
+
+    player = game.player("player_id");
+    other = game.player("other_id");
+  });
+
+  // ── Terrain classification ──────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  test("isImpassable returns true for impassable tiles, false for plains", () => {
+    expect(game.isImpassable(game.ref(50, 50))).toBe(false);
+    expect(game.isImpassable(game.ref(WALL_X, 50))).toBe(true);
+    expect(game.isImpassable(game.ref(WALL_X + 1, 50))).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  test("terrainType returns Impassable for impassable tiles", () => {
+    expect(game.terrainType(game.ref(WALL_X, 50))).toBe(TerrainType.Impassable);
+  });
+
+  test("isLand returns true for impassable (solid for pathfinding)", () => {
+    expect(game.isLand(game.ref(WALL_X, 50))).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  test("numLandTiles excludes impassable tiles", () => {
+    expect(game.numLandTiles()).toBe(MAP_W * MAP_H - WALL_WIDTH * MAP_H);
+  });
+
+  // ── Ownership ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  test("conquer throws on impassable tiles", () => {
+    expect(() => player.conquer(game.ref(WALL_X, 50))).toThrow(/impassable/);
+  });
+
+  test("conquer succeeds on normal land", () => {
+    expect(() => player.conquer(game.ref(50, 50))).not.toThrow();
+    expect(game.hasOwner(game.ref(50, 50))).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  // ── Attacks ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  test("canAttack returns false for impassable tiles", () => {
+    expect(player.canAttack(game.ref(WALL_X, 50))).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  test("canAttack returns false for impassable tiles even when adjacent to owned land", () => {
+    player.conquer(game.ref(WALL_X - 1, 50));
+    expect(player.canAttack(game.ref(WALL_X, 50))).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  test("attack does not expand into impassable tiles", () => {
+    // Other player owns tiles adjacent to the wall on the right side.
+    for (let y = 48; y <= 52; y++) {
+      other.conquer(game.ref(WALL_X + 2, y));
+    }
+    // Player owns tiles on the left side, also adjacent to the wall.
+    for (let y = 48; y <= 52; y++) {
+      player.conquer(game.ref(WALL_X - 2, y));
+    }
+    // Player attacks the other player.
+    game.addExecution(new AttackExecution(1000, player, other.id()));
+    executeTicks(game, 50);
+    // Impassable tiles should never be owned by the attacker.
+    for (let y = 48; y <= 52; y++) {
+      expect(game.ownerID(game.ref(WALL_X, y))).not.toBe(player.smallID());
+      expect(game.ownerID(game.ref(WALL_X + 1, y))).not.toBe(player.smallID());
+    }
+  });
+
+  // ── Nukes: targeting ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  test("canBuild(AtomBomb) returns false for impassable target", () => {
+    expect(player.canBuild(UnitType.AtomBomb, game.ref(WALL_X, 50))).toBe(
+      false,
+    );
+  });
+
+  test("canBuild(MIRV) returns false for impassable target", () => {
+    expect(player.canBuild(UnitType.MIRV, game.ref(WALL_X, 50))).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  test("nuke execution deactivates when targeting impassable tile", () => {
+    player.conquer(game.ref(10, 10));
+    player.buildUnit(UnitType.MissileSilo, game.ref(10, 10), {});
+    const nuke = new NukeExecution(
+      UnitType.AtomBomb,
+      player,
+      game.ref(WALL_X, 10),
+    );
+    game.addExecution(nuke);
+    executeTicks(game, 5);
+    expect(nuke.isActive()).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  // ── Nukes: blast radius ───────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  test("nuke blast does not destroy or flood impassable tiles", () => {
+    player.conquer(game.ref(10, 100));
+    player.buildUnit(UnitType.MissileSilo, game.ref(10, 100), {});
+    // Other player owns a tile just left of the wall.
+    other.conquer(game.ref(WALL_X - 1, 100));
+
+    const nuke = new NukeExecution(
+      UnitType.AtomBomb,
+      player,
+      game.ref(WALL_X - 1, 100),
+      game.ref(10, 100),
+    );
+    game.addExecution(nuke);
+    executeTicks(game, 30);
+
+    // Impassable tiles should still be land and impassable (not flooded).
+    for (let y = 95; y <= 105; y++) {
+      const t = game.ref(WALL_X, y);
+      expect(game.isLand(t)).toBe(true);
+      expect(game.isImpassable(t)).toBe(true);
+    }
+  });
+
+  // ── Nukes: trajectory ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  test("nuke trajectory blocked by impassable terrain", () => {
+    player.conquer(game.ref(20, 100));
+    player.buildUnit(UnitType.MissileSilo, game.ref(20, 100), {});
+    // Target is on the right side of the wall — trajectory must cross it.
+    const target = game.ref(150, 100);
+    expect(game.isImpassable(target)).toBe(false);
+
+    const nuke = new NukeExecution(UnitType.AtomBomb, player, target);
+    game.addExecution(nuke);
+    executeTicks(game, 10);
+    // Should have been blocked.
+    expect(nuke.isActive()).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  test("nuke can launch when trajectory does not cross impassable terrain", () => {
+    player.conquer(game.ref(20, 100));
+    player.buildUnit(UnitType.MissileSilo, game.ref(20, 100), {});
+    // Target is on the same (left) side — no impassable terrain in between.
+    const target = game.ref(50, 100);
+    expect(game.isImpassable(target)).toBe(false);
+
+    const nuke = new NukeExecution(UnitType.AtomBomb, player, target);
+    game.addExecution(nuke);
+    executeTicks(game, 40);
+    // Should have detonated and deactivated normally.
+    expect(nuke.isActive()).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  // ── Water conversion guard ────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  test("setWater does not convert impassable tiles", () => {
+    const t = game.ref(WALL_X, 50);
+    expect(game.isImpassable(t)).toBe(true);
+    game.map().setWater(t);
+    expect(game.isLand(t)).toBe(true);
+    expect(game.isImpassable(t)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  // ── Rendering ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  test("encodeTerrainTile renders impassable as the map background colour", () => {
+    const out = new Uint8Array(4);
+    encodeTerrainTile(IMPASSABLE, out, 0);
+    // Must match the clear colour in Renderer.ts drawBaseLayer():
+    // gl.clearColor(60/255, 60/255, 60/255) → rgb(60, 60, 60).
+    expect(out[0]).toBe(60);
+    expect(out[1]).toBe(60);
+    expect(out[2]).toBe(60);
+    expect(out[3]).toBe(255);
+  });
+
+  test("encodeTerrainTile renders plains normally (not background)", () => {
+    const out = new Uint8Array(4);
+    encodeTerrainTile(LAND_PLAINS, out, 0);
+    // Plains: r=190, g=220, b=138 — clearly different from background.
+    expect(out[0]).toBe(190);
+    expect(out[1]).toBe(220);
+    expect(out[2]).toBe(138);
+  });
+
+  // ── Nation AI: attack behavior near impassable terrain ───────────────
+
+  describe("Nation AI attack behavior near impassable terrain", () => {
+    let nation: Player;
+    let enemy: Player;
+
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      // Create a nation player that owns tiles adjacent to the impassable
+      // wall AND directly adjacent to the enemy (no TerraNullius gap).
+      nation = game.player("player_id");
+      enemy = game.player("other_id");
+
+      // Nation owns the two columns right next to the wall (full height to
+      // avoid any unowned passable tiles at the top/bottom borders).
+      for (let y = 0; y < MAP_H; y++) {
+        nation.conquer(game.ref(WALL_X - 1, y));
+        nation.conquer(game.ref(WALL_X - 2, y));
+      }
+      // Enemy owns the five columns to the left of the nation (full height).
+      for (let y = 0; y < MAP_H; y++) {
+        for (let x = WALL_X - 7; x <= WALL_X - 3; x++) {
+          enemy.conquer(game.ref(x, y));
+        }
+      }
+      // Give both players plenty of troops — nation is stronger so the
+      // "weakest" strategy will actually attack.
+      nation.addTroops(200000);
+      enemy.addTroops(50000);
+    });
+
+    test("hasNonNukedTerraNullius does not falsely detect impassable tiles as TerraNullius", () => {
+      // The nation borders impassable terrain (the wall at WALL_X).
+      // With the fix, nearby() should NOT include TerraNullius from
+      // impassable tiles, and the nation should be able to attack the enemy.
+      //
+      // Verify the core behavior: nearby() returns the enemy but NOT
+      // TerraNullius (impassable tiles are excluded).
+      const nearby = nation.nearby();
+      const hasTerraNullius = nearby.some((n) => !n.isPlayer());
+      const hasEnemy = nearby.some((n) => n === enemy);
+      expect(hasTerraNullius).toBe(false);
+      expect(hasEnemy).toBe(true);
+
+      // Also verify that sendAttack on the enemy works (it creates an
+      // AttackExecution targeting the enemy, not TerraNullius).
+      const emojiBehavior = new NationEmojiBehavior(
+        new PseudoRandom(42),
+        game,
+        nation,
+      );
+      const allianceBehavior = new NationAllianceBehavior(
+        new PseudoRandom(42),
+        game,
+        nation,
+        emojiBehavior,
+      );
+      const attackBehavior = new AiAttackBehavior(
+        new PseudoRandom(42),
+        game,
+        nation,
+        0.0, // triggerRatio — always ready to attack
+        0.0, // reserveRatio — no reserve needed
+        0.0, // expandRatio
+        allianceBehavior,
+        emojiBehavior,
+      );
+
+      // Directly send an attack on the enemy — this should succeed.
+      const sent = attackBehavior.sendAttack(enemy, true);
+      expect(sent).toBe(true);
+
+      // Tick the game so the AttackExecution's init() runs and creates
+      // the actual Attack object on the player.
+      executeTicks(game, 1);
+
+      // The nation should have an outgoing attack targeting the enemy.
+      const attacksOnEnemy = nation
+        .outgoingAttacks()
+        .filter((a) => a.target() === enemy);
+      expect(attacksOnEnemy.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    });
+  });
+
+  // ── Nation AI: nuke trajectory over impassable terrain ───────────────
+
+  describe("NationNukeBehavior trajectory over impassable terrain", () => {
+    let nukePlayer: Player;
+
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      nukePlayer = game.player("player_id");
+      (game.config() as TestConfig).infiniteGold = () => true;
+      (game.config() as TestConfig).instantBuild = () => true;
+      (game.config() as TestConfig).nukeMagnitudes = vi.fn(() => ({
+        inner: 5,
+        outer: 5,
+      }));
+      (game.config() as TestConfig).nukeAllianceBreakThreshold = vi.fn(
+        () => 999,
+      );
+      (game.config() as TestConfig).setDefaultNukeSpeed(50);
+    });
+
+    test("NationNukeBehavior skips nuke targets whose trajectory crosses impassable terrain", () => {
+      // Build a silo on the left side of the wall.
+      nukePlayer.conquer(game.ref(20, 100));
+      nukePlayer.buildUnit(UnitType.MissileSilo, game.ref(20, 100), {});
+
+      // Enemy owns tiles on the RIGHT side of the wall — trajectory must
+      // cross the impassable wall.
+      const enemy = game.player("other_id");
+      enemy.conquer(game.ref(150, 100));
+
+      // Build a NationNukeBehavior and call maybeSendNuke.
+      const emojiBehavior = new NationEmojiBehavior(
+        new PseudoRandom(42),
+        game,
+        nukePlayer,
+      );
+      const allianceBehavior = new NationAllianceBehavior(
+        new PseudoRandom(42),
+        game,
+        nukePlayer,
+        emojiBehavior,
+      );
+      const attackBehavior = new AiAttackBehavior(
+        new PseudoRandom(42),
+        game,
+        nukePlayer,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        allianceBehavior,
+        emojiBehavior,
+      );
+      const nukeBehavior = new NationNukeBehavior(
+        new PseudoRandom(42),
+        game,
+        nukePlayer,
+        attackBehavior,
+        emojiBehavior,
+      );
+
+      // Set the enemy as a hostile target so the nuke behavior considers them.
+      nukePlayer.updateRelation(enemy, -100);
+
+      // Run maybeSendNuke — it should NOT launch a nuke because the
+      // trajectory crosses impassable terrain.
+      nukeBehavior.maybeSendNuke();
+
+      // No nukes should have been launched.
+      const nukes = nukePlayer.units(UnitType.AtomBomb, UnitType.HydrogenBomb);
+      expect(nukes.length).toBe(0);
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/NukeTrajectory.test.ts b/tests/NukeTrajectory.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..332d136c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/NukeTrajectory.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+import {
+  buildNukeTrajectory,
+  computeNukeControlPoints,
+  computeTrajectoryThresholds,
+  type SAMInfo,
+} from "../src/client/render/gl/utils/NukeTrajectory";
+
+// A large map height so the parabola arc isn't clamped.
+const MAP_H = 1000;
+
+// Helper: build control points for a straight horizontal trajectory.
+function horizontalCp(srcX: number, dstX: number) {
+  return computeNukeControlPoints(srcX, 500, dstX, 500, MAP_H, true);
+}
+
+describe("NukeTrajectory impassable terrain blocking", () => {
+  test("tSamIntercept is 1.0 when no SAMs and no blocked terrain", () => {
+    const cp = horizontalCp(100, 800);
+    const th = computeTrajectoryThresholds(cp, 100, 500, 800, 500, []);
+    expect(th.tSamIntercept).toBe(1.0);
+  });
+
+  test("tSamIntercept < 1.0 when trajectory crosses impassable terrain", () => {
+    const cp = horizontalCp(100, 800);
+    // Block tiles at x=400..500 (midway through the arc).
+    const isBlocked = (x: number) => x >= 400 && x <= 500;
+    const th = computeTrajectoryThresholds(
+      cp,
+      100,
+      500,
+      800,
+      500,
+      [],
+      isBlocked,
+    );
+    expect(th.tSamIntercept).toBeLessThan(1.0);
+    // The block is roughly at the midpoint of the curve (t ≈ 0.5).
+    expect(th.tSamIntercept).toBeGreaterThan(0.3);
+    expect(th.tSamIntercept).toBeLessThan(0.7);
+  });
+
+  test("tSamIntercept is 1.0 when blocked terrain is not on the trajectory", () => {
+    const cp = horizontalCp(100, 800);
+    // Block tiles far away from the trajectory.
+    const isBlocked = (x: number) => x >= 0 && x <= 50;
+    const th = computeTrajectoryThresholds(
+      cp,
+      100,
+      500,
+      800,
+      500,
+      [],
+      isBlocked,
+    );
+    // The source is at x=100, so blocking x=0..50 shouldn't affect the arc.
+    // (The arc starts at x=100 and goes to x=800, it never touches x<100.)
+    expect(th.tSamIntercept).toBe(1.0);
+  });
+
+  test("blocked terrain takes precedence (min of SAM and blocked)", () => {
+    const cp = horizontalCp(100, 800);
+    // SAM at x=600 with range covering a wide area.
+    const sams: SAMInfo[] = [{ x: 600, y: 500, rangeSq: 200 * 200 }];
+    // Block at x=300 (earlier than the SAM at x=600).
+    const isBlocked = (x: number) => x >= 300 && x <= 350;
+    const th = computeTrajectoryThresholds(
+      cp,
+      100,
+      500,
+      800,
+      500,
+      sams,
+      isBlocked,
+    );
+    // The block at x=300 should be hit first (lower t) than the SAM at x=600.
+    expect(th.tSamIntercept).toBeLessThan(0.5);
+  });
+
+  test("blocked scan covers the untargetable mid-air zone (not skipped like SAMs)", () => {
+    // With a long trajectory, there's an untargetable zone in the middle.
+    const cp = horizontalCp(100, 800);
+    const th = computeTrajectoryThresholds(cp, 100, 500, 800, 500, []);
+    // Verify there IS an untargetable zone.
+    expect(th.tUntargetableStart).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0);
+    expect(th.tUntargetableEnd).toBeGreaterThan(th.tUntargetableStart);
+
+    // Block a tile in the middle of the untargetable zone.
+    const blockT = (th.tUntargetableStart + th.tUntargetableEnd) / 2;
+    // Sample the Bezier at that t to find the x coordinate.
+    const { p0x, p1x, p2x, p3x } = cp;
+    const T = 1 - blockT;
+    const blockX = Math.floor(
+      T * T * T * p0x +
+        3 * T * T * blockT * p1x +
+        3 * T * blockT * blockT * p2x +
+        blockT * blockT * blockT * p3x,
+    );
+    const isBlocked = (x: number) => x === blockX;
+
+    const th2 = computeTrajectoryThresholds(
+      cp,
+      100,
+      500,
+      800,
+      500,
+      [],
+      isBlocked,
+    );
+    // The blocked tile is in the untargetable zone, but unlike SAMs, the
+    // impassable scan should still detect it.
+    expect(th2.tSamIntercept).toBeLessThan(1.0);
+  });
+
+  test("buildNukeTrajectory passes isBlocked through", () => {
+    const data = buildNukeTrajectory(
+      100,
+      500,
+      800,
+      500,
+      MAP_H,
+      true,
+      [],
+      (x: number) => x >= 400 && x <= 500,
+    );
+    expect(data.tSamIntercept).toBeLessThan(1.0);
+  });
+
+  test("buildNukeTrajectory works without isBlocked (backwards compatible)", () => {
+    const data = buildNukeTrajectory(100, 500, 800, 500, MAP_H, true, []);
+    expect(data.tSamIntercept).toBe(1.0);
+    expect(data.p0x).toBe(100);
+    expect(data.p3x).toBe(800);
+  });
+});