diff --git a/scripts/build-namelayer-assets.mjs b/scripts/build-namelayer-assets.mjs
index 8727a8a60..705338969 100644
--- a/scripts/build-namelayer-assets.mjs
+++ b/scripts/build-namelayer-assets.mjs
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ async function buildIconAtlas() {
   );
   fs.writeFileSync(
     path.join(imagesDir, "namelayer-icons.json"),
-    JSON.stringify(
+    `${JSON.stringify(
       {
         frames,
         meta: {
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ async function buildIconAtlas() {
       },
       null,
       2,
-    ),
+    )}\n`,
   );
 }
 
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ async function buildEmojiAtlas() {
   );
   fs.writeFileSync(
     path.join(imagesDir, "namelayer-emojis.json"),
-    JSON.stringify(
+    `${JSON.stringify(
       {
         frames,
         meta: {
@@ -296,21 +296,26 @@ async function buildEmojiAtlas() {
       },
       null,
       2,
-    ),
+    )}\n`,
   );
 }
 
 function readEmojiTable() {
-  const utilSource = fs.readFileSync(
-    path.join(root, "src", "core", "Util.ts"),
-    "utf8",
-  );
-  const tableSource = utilSource.match(
+  const utilPath = path.join(root, "src", "core", "Util.ts");
+  const utilSource = fs.readFileSync(utilPath, "utf8");
+  const match = utilSource.match(
     /export const emojiTable = \[([\s\S]*?)\] as const;/,
-  )?.[1];
-  return tableSource
-    ? Array.from(tableSource.matchAll(/"([^"]+)"/g), (match) => match[1])
-    : [];
+  );
+  if (!match?.[1]) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `emojiTable not found in utilSource (${utilPath}). Start of file: ${utilSource.slice(
+        0,
+        160,
+      )}`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  return Array.from(match[1].matchAll(/"([^"]+)"/g), (match) => match[1]);
 }
 
 function writeFallbackAtlas(name, keys) {
@@ -333,7 +338,7 @@ function writeFallbackAtlas(name, keys) {
   fs.writeFileSync(path.join(imagesDir, `${name}.png`), transparentPng);
   fs.writeFileSync(
     path.join(imagesDir, `${name}.json`),
-    JSON.stringify(
+    `${JSON.stringify(
       {
         frames,
         meta: {
@@ -346,6 +351,6 @@ function writeFallbackAtlas(name, keys) {
       },
       null,
       2,
-    ),
+    )}\n`,
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/client/graphics/layers/Layer.ts b/src/client/graphics/layers/Layer.ts
index 9cb6b91c2..df1945c7d 100644
--- a/src/client/graphics/layers/Layer.ts
+++ b/src/client/graphics/layers/Layer.ts
@@ -8,4 +8,5 @@ export interface Layer {
   renderLayer?: (context: CanvasRenderingContext2D) => void;
   shouldTransform?: () => boolean;
   redraw?: () => void;
+  destroy?: () => void;
 }
diff --git a/src/client/graphics/layers/NameLayer.ts b/src/client/graphics/layers/NameLayer.ts
index 16b206299..d88a6082c 100644
--- a/src/client/graphics/layers/NameLayer.ts
+++ b/src/client/graphics/layers/NameLayer.ts
@@ -88,7 +88,9 @@ export class NameLayer implements Layer {
   private allianceDuration: number;
   private alliancesDisabled = false;
   private myPlayer: PlayerView | null = null;
-  private pixicanvas: HTMLCanvasElement;
+  private readonly pixiCanvas: HTMLCanvasElement =
+    document.createElement("canvas");
+  private readonly onWindowResize = () => this.resizeCanvas();
   private renderer: PixiRenderer | null = null;
   private rendererInitialized = false;
   private rebuildPending = false;
@@ -114,19 +116,19 @@ export class NameLayer implements Layer {
     this.rootStage.position.set(0, 0);
 
     this.eventBus.on(AlternateViewEvent, (e) => this.onAlternateViewChange(e));
-    window.addEventListener("resize", () => this.resizeCanvas());
+    window.addEventListener("resize", this.onWindowResize);
 
     await this.setupRenderer();
     this.resizeCanvas();
   }
 
   async redraw() {
-    if (this.rebuildPending || this.rendererOrGLContextLost()) {
+    if (this.rebuildPending) {
       return;
     }
     this.rebuildPending = true;
     try {
-      if (this.renderer?.name === "webgpu") {
+      if (!this.renderer || this.renderer.name === "webgpu") {
         this.rendererInitialized = false;
         await this.setupRenderer();
       }
@@ -136,6 +138,13 @@ export class NameLayer implements Layer {
       }
       this.renders.length = 0;
       this.seenPlayers.clear();
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error("NameLayer redraw failed; retrying next frame", error);
+      this.renderer = null;
+      this.rendererInitialized = false;
+      requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+        void this.redraw();
+      });
     } finally {
       this.rebuildPending = false;
     }
@@ -151,7 +160,10 @@ export class NameLayer implements Layer {
     for (const player of this.game.playerViews()) {
       if (player.isAlive() && !this.seenPlayers.has(player)) {
         this.seenPlayers.add(player);
-        this.renders.push(this.createPlayerRender(player));
+        const render = this.createPlayerRender(player);
+        if (render) {
+          this.renders.push(render);
+        }
       }
     }
   }
@@ -175,27 +187,38 @@ export class NameLayer implements Layer {
 
     this.renderer?.render(this.rootStage);
     if (this.renderer) {
-      mainContext.drawImage(this.renderer.canvas, 0, 0);
+      mainContext.drawImage(
+        this.renderer.canvas,
+        0,
+        0,
+        this.renderer.canvas.width,
+        this.renderer.canvas.height,
+        0,
+        0,
+        mainContext.canvas.width,
+        mainContext.canvas.height,
+      );
     }
   }
 
   private async setupRenderer() {
     if (this.renderer) {
-      this.renderer.destroy(true);
+      this.renderer.destroy(false);
+      this.renderer = null;
+      this.rendererInitialized = false;
       this.labelStage.removeChildren();
     }
 
     await this.assets.preload();
 
-    this.pixicanvas = document.createElement("canvas");
-    this.pixicanvas.width = window.innerWidth;
-    this.pixicanvas.height = window.innerHeight;
+    const resolution = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
+    this.resizePixiCanvasElement(resolution);
 
     const renderer = await PIXI.autoDetectRenderer({
-      canvas: this.pixicanvas,
-      resolution: 1,
-      width: this.pixicanvas.width,
-      height: this.pixicanvas.height,
+      canvas: this.pixiCanvas,
+      resolution,
+      width: window.innerWidth,
+      height: window.innerHeight,
       antialias: false,
       clearBeforeRender: true,
       backgroundAlpha: 0,
@@ -208,7 +231,9 @@ export class NameLayer implements Layer {
     if (this.renderer.name === "webgpu") {
       const gpuRenderer = this.renderer as PIXI.WebGPURenderer;
       gpuRenderer.gpu.device.lost.then(() => {
-        this.redraw();
+        // device.lost is a one-time Promise; setupRenderer() intentionally
+        // re-attaches this handler on rebuild so future losses are observed.
+        void this.redraw();
       });
     }
 
@@ -216,7 +241,7 @@ export class NameLayer implements Layer {
       this.renderer.runners.contextChange.add({
         contextChange: () => {
           requestAnimationFrame(() => {
-            this.redraw();
+            void this.redraw();
           });
         },
       });
@@ -237,9 +262,16 @@ export class NameLayer implements Layer {
     if (this.rendererOrGLContextLost()) {
       return;
     }
-    this.pixicanvas.width = window.innerWidth;
-    this.pixicanvas.height = window.innerHeight;
-    this.renderer?.resize(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight, 1);
+    const resolution = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
+    this.resizePixiCanvasElement(resolution);
+    this.renderer?.resize(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight, resolution);
+  }
+
+  private resizePixiCanvasElement(resolution: number) {
+    this.pixiCanvas.width = Math.ceil(window.innerWidth * resolution);
+    this.pixiCanvas.height = Math.ceil(window.innerHeight * resolution);
+    this.pixiCanvas.style.width = `${window.innerWidth}px`;
+    this.pixiCanvas.style.height = `${window.innerHeight}px`;
   }
 
   private onAlternateViewChange(event: AlternateViewEvent) {
@@ -247,7 +279,11 @@ export class NameLayer implements Layer {
     this.updateTransformsAndVisibility();
   }
 
-  private createPlayerRender(player: PlayerView): RenderInfo {
+  private createPlayerRender(player: PlayerView): RenderInfo | null {
+    if (!this.assets.fontReady) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
     const container = new PIXI.Container();
     container.visible = false;
 
@@ -263,6 +299,10 @@ export class NameLayer implements Layer {
   }
 
   private createBitmapText(text: string): PIXI.BitmapText {
+    if (!this.assets.fontReady || !this.assets.fontFamily) {
+      throw new Error("NameLayer bitmap font is not ready");
+    }
+
     const bitmapText = new PIXI.BitmapText({
       text,
       style: {
@@ -285,6 +325,12 @@ export class NameLayer implements Layer {
       }
 
       render.baseSize = Math.max(1, Math.floor(nameLocation.size));
+      const fontSize = computeNameLayerFontSize(render.baseSize);
+      if (render.fontSize !== fontSize) {
+        render.fontSize = fontSize;
+        this.updateText(render);
+        this.layoutRender(render, Math.min(render.fontSize * 1.5, 48));
+      }
       render.location = new Cell(nameLocation.x, nameLocation.y);
       const isOnScreen = this.transformHandler.isOnScreen(render.location);
       render.container.visible = computeNameLayerVisible({
@@ -330,7 +376,6 @@ export class NameLayer implements Layer {
     }
     render.lastRenderCalc = now + this.rand.nextInt(0, 100);
 
-    render.fontSize = computeNameLayerFontSize(render.baseSize);
     this.updateText(render);
     this.updateFlag(render);
 
@@ -350,6 +395,10 @@ export class NameLayer implements Layer {
   }
 
   private updateText(render: RenderInfo) {
+    if (!this.assets.fontFamily) {
+      return;
+    }
+
     const displayName = replaceUnsupportedNameGlyphs(
       render.player.displayName(),
     );
@@ -357,10 +406,11 @@ export class NameLayer implements Layer {
       renderTroops(render.player.troops()),
     );
     const fontColor = this.theme.textColor(render.player);
+    const prevFontColor = render.fontColor;
 
     if (
       render.lastDisplayName !== displayName ||
-      render.fontColor !== fontColor ||
+      prevFontColor !== fontColor ||
       render.nameText.style.fontSize !== render.fontSize ||
       render.nameText.style.fontFamily !== this.assets.fontFamily
     ) {
@@ -375,7 +425,7 @@ export class NameLayer implements Layer {
 
     if (
       render.lastTroopsText !== troopsText ||
-      render.fontColor !== fontColor ||
+      prevFontColor !== fontColor ||
       render.troopsText.style.fontSize !== render.fontSize ||
       render.troopsText.style.fontFamily !== this.assets.fontFamily
     ) {
@@ -395,23 +445,17 @@ export class NameLayer implements Layer {
     const flag = render.player.cosmetics.flag;
     const src = flag ? assetUrl(flag) : "";
     if (!src) {
-      render.flagSprite?.destroy();
-      render.flagSprite = null;
-      render.flagSrc = "";
+      this.hideFlag(render, true);
       return;
     }
 
     if (src !== render.flagSrc) {
-      render.flagSprite?.destroy();
-      render.flagSprite = null;
-      render.flagSrc = src;
+      this.hideFlag(render, true);
     }
 
     const texture = this.assets.getTexture(src);
     if (!texture) {
-      if (render.flagSprite) {
-        render.flagSprite.visible = false;
-      }
+      this.hideFlag(render, false);
       return;
     }
 
@@ -424,9 +468,18 @@ export class NameLayer implements Layer {
       render.flagSprite.texture = texture;
     }
 
+    render.flagSrc = src;
     render.flagSprite.visible = true;
   }
 
+  private hideFlag(render: RenderInfo, clearSource: boolean) {
+    render.flagSprite?.destroy();
+    render.flagSprite = null;
+    if (clearSource) {
+      render.flagSrc = "";
+    }
+  }
+
   private updateIcons(
     render: RenderInfo,
     icons: PlayerIconDescriptor[],
@@ -568,6 +621,7 @@ export class NameLayer implements Layer {
     const refs = iconRender.alliance!;
     refs.base.texture = baseTexture;
     refs.colored.texture = coloredTexture;
+    iconRender.src = icon.src;
     refs.base.width = size;
     refs.base.height = size;
     refs.colored.width = size;
@@ -586,6 +640,9 @@ export class NameLayer implements Layer {
     );
     const topCut = (computeAllianceTopCutPercent(fraction) / 100) * size;
     refs.mask.clear();
+    // computeAllianceTopCutPercent can intentionally make the visible alliance
+    // height zero when remaining / this.allianceDuration is depleted; PIXI v8
+    // tolerates the zero-area refs.mask.rect and the Math.max guard preserves it.
     refs.mask
       .rect(-size / 2, -size / 2 + topCut, size, Math.max(0, size - topCut))
       .fill(0xffffff);
@@ -667,4 +724,17 @@ export class NameLayer implements Layer {
     this.seenPlayers.delete(render.player);
     render.container.destroy({ children: true });
   }
+
+  destroy() {
+    window.removeEventListener("resize", this.onWindowResize);
+    for (const render of this.renders) {
+      render.container.destroy({ children: true });
+    }
+    this.renders.length = 0;
+    this.seenPlayers.clear();
+    this.rootStage.removeChildren();
+    this.renderer?.destroy(true);
+    this.renderer = null;
+    this.rendererInitialized = false;
+  }
 }
diff --git a/src/client/graphics/layers/NameLayerAssets.ts b/src/client/graphics/layers/NameLayerAssets.ts
index a9dbfb56b..1075cd03f 100644
--- a/src/client/graphics/layers/NameLayerAssets.ts
+++ b/src/client/graphics/layers/NameLayerAssets.ts
@@ -10,9 +10,10 @@ export const NAME_LAYER_FONT_FAMILY = "namelayer_overpass";
 export const NAME_LAYER_FALLBACK_FONT_FAMILY = "round_6x6_modified";
 
 export class NameLayerAssets {
-  public fontFamily = NAME_LAYER_FONT_FAMILY;
+  public fontFamily: string | null = null;
+  public fontReady = false;
 
-  private readonly textures = new Map<string, PIXI.Texture | null>();
+  private readonly textures = new Map<string, PIXI.Texture>();
   private readonly pendingTextures = new Map<string, Promise<void>>();
   private readonly warnedTextureFailures = new Set<string>();
   private preloadPromise: Promise<void> | null = null;
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ export class NameLayerAssets {
 
   getTexture(src: string): PIXI.Texture | null {
     const cached = this.textures.get(src);
-    if (cached !== undefined) {
+    if (cached) {
       return cached;
     }
 
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ export class NameLayerAssets {
             this.textures.set(src, texture);
           })
           .catch((error) => {
-            this.textures.set(src, null);
+            this.textures.delete(src);
             this.warnTextureFailure(src, error);
           })
           .finally(() => {
@@ -70,6 +71,7 @@ export class NameLayerAssets {
     try {
       await PIXI.Assets.load(nameLayerFont);
       this.fontFamily = NAME_LAYER_FONT_FAMILY;
+      this.fontReady = true;
       return;
     } catch (error) {
       console.warn(
@@ -81,7 +83,10 @@ export class NameLayerAssets {
     try {
       await PIXI.Assets.load(fallbackFont);
       this.fontFamily = NAME_LAYER_FALLBACK_FONT_FAMILY;
+      this.fontReady = true;
     } catch (error) {
+      this.fontFamily = null;
+      this.fontReady = false;
       console.error("NameLayer failed to load bitmap font", error);
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/client/graphics/layers/NameLayerLayout.ts b/src/client/graphics/layers/NameLayerLayout.ts
index 6515ab07c..f0181fd33 100644
--- a/src/client/graphics/layers/NameLayerLayout.ts
+++ b/src/client/graphics/layers/NameLayerLayout.ts
@@ -39,6 +39,11 @@ const SUPPORTED_TEXT_CHARS = new Set(
 
 const warnedUnsupportedGlyphs = new Set<string>();
 
+type IntlSegmenterConstructor = new (
+  locales?: string | string[],
+  options?: { granularity: "grapheme" },
+) => { segment(value: string): Iterable<{ segment: string }> };
+
 export function computeNameLayerVisible({
   isLayerVisible,
   transformScale,
@@ -116,10 +121,19 @@ export function computeNameLayerLayout({
       }
     : null;
   const nameTextX = nameStartX + flagWidth + nameWidth / 2;
+  const visibleCenteredIconCount = Math.max(0, centeredIconCount);
+  const centeredIconRowWidth =
+    visibleCenteredIconCount > 0
+      ? visibleCenteredIconCount * iconSize +
+        (visibleCenteredIconCount - 1) * NAME_LAYER_ICON_GAP
+      : 0;
   const centeredIconPositions = Array.from(
-    { length: centeredIconCount },
-    () => ({
-      x: 0,
+    { length: visibleCenteredIconCount },
+    (_, index) => ({
+      x:
+        -centeredIconRowWidth / 2 +
+        iconSize / 2 +
+        index * (iconSize + NAME_LAYER_ICON_GAP),
       y: nameY,
     }),
   );
@@ -173,23 +187,37 @@ export function replaceUnsupportedNameGlyphs(
   let changed = false;
   let result = "";
 
-  for (const char of value) {
-    if (SUPPORTED_TEXT_CHARS.has(char)) {
-      result += char;
+  const segments = segmentGraphemes(value);
+  for (const segment of segments) {
+    if (segment.length === 1 && SUPPORTED_TEXT_CHARS.has(segment)) {
+      result += segment;
       continue;
     }
 
     changed = true;
     result += "?";
-    if (!warnedUnsupportedGlyphs.has(char)) {
-      warnedUnsupportedGlyphs.add(char);
-      warn(`NameLayer unsupported glyph replaced with ?: ${char}`);
+    if (!warnedUnsupportedGlyphs.has(segment)) {
+      warnedUnsupportedGlyphs.add(segment);
+      warn(`NameLayer unsupported glyph replaced with ?: ${segment}`);
     }
   }
 
   return changed ? result : value;
 }
 
+function segmentGraphemes(value: string): string[] {
+  const Segmenter = (
+    Intl as typeof Intl & { Segmenter?: IntlSegmenterConstructor }
+  ).Segmenter;
+  if (typeof Segmenter === "function") {
+    const segmenter = new Segmenter(undefined, {
+      granularity: "grapheme",
+    });
+    return Array.from(segmenter.segment(value), ({ segment }) => segment);
+  }
+  return Array.from(value);
+}
+
 export function resetNameLayerGlyphWarningsForTests(): void {
   warnedUnsupportedGlyphs.clear();
 }
diff --git a/src/client/graphics/layers/StructureIconsLayer.ts b/src/client/graphics/layers/StructureIconsLayer.ts
index 5d879e740..6c7e2c1c5 100644
--- a/src/client/graphics/layers/StructureIconsLayer.ts
+++ b/src/client/graphics/layers/StructureIconsLayer.ts
@@ -135,17 +135,17 @@ export class StructureIconsLayer implements Layer {
     }
 
     this.pixicanvas = document.createElement("canvas");
-    this.pixicanvas.width = window.innerWidth;
-    this.pixicanvas.height = window.innerHeight;
+    const resolution = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
+    this.resizePixiCanvasElement(resolution);
 
     // This will prefer WebGL, eventually WebGPU, and fallback to Canvas
     // Restrict using 'preferences: ["WebGPU", "WebGL"]' or
     // 'preferences: "WebGPU"' later if needed
     const renderer = await PIXI.autoDetectRenderer({
       canvas: this.pixicanvas,
-      resolution: 1,
-      width: this.pixicanvas.width,
-      height: this.pixicanvas.height,
+      resolution,
+      width: window.innerWidth,
+      height: window.innerHeight,
       antialias: false,
       clearBeforeRender: true,
       backgroundAlpha: 0,
@@ -293,9 +293,16 @@ export class StructureIconsLayer implements Layer {
     if (this.rendererOrGLContextLost()) {
       return;
     }
-    this.pixicanvas.width = window.innerWidth;
-    this.pixicanvas.height = window.innerHeight;
-    this.renderer?.resize(innerWidth, innerHeight, 1);
+    const resolution = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
+    this.resizePixiCanvasElement(resolution);
+    this.renderer?.resize(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight, resolution);
+  }
+
+  private resizePixiCanvasElement(resolution: number) {
+    this.pixicanvas.width = Math.ceil(window.innerWidth * resolution);
+    this.pixicanvas.height = Math.ceil(window.innerHeight * resolution);
+    this.pixicanvas.style.width = `${window.innerWidth}px`;
+    this.pixicanvas.style.height = `${window.innerHeight}px`;
   }
 
   tick() {
@@ -350,8 +357,18 @@ export class StructureIconsLayer implements Layer {
       (scale <= ZOOM_THRESHOLD || !this.renderSprites);
     this.levelsStage!.visible = scale > ZOOM_THRESHOLD && this.renderSprites;
     if (this.renderer) {
-      this.renderer?.render(this.rootStage);
-      mainContext.drawImage(this.renderer.canvas, 0, 0);
+      this.renderer.render(this.rootStage);
+      mainContext.drawImage(
+        this.renderer.canvas,
+        0,
+        0,
+        this.renderer.canvas.width,
+        this.renderer.canvas.height,
+        0,
+        0,
+        mainContext.canvas.width,
+        mainContext.canvas.height,
+      );
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/tests/NameLayer.test.ts b/tests/NameLayer.test.ts
index 8473198e9..af22f397f 100644
--- a/tests/NameLayer.test.ts
+++ b/tests/NameLayer.test.ts
@@ -101,9 +101,28 @@ describe("NameLayerLayout", () => {
     expect(computeTraitorFlashDurationSeconds(150)).toBeCloseTo(1);
     expect(computeTraitorFlashDurationSeconds(0)).toBeCloseTo(0.2);
     expect(computeTraitorFlashAlpha(150, 0)).toBeCloseTo(1);
+    expect(computeTraitorFlashAlpha(150, 250)).toBeCloseTo(0.65);
     expect(computeTraitorFlashAlpha(150, 500)).toBeCloseTo(0.3);
   });
 
+  test("spreads multiple centered icons instead of stacking them", () => {
+    const layout = computeNameLayerLayout({
+      fontSize: 10,
+      iconSize: 15,
+      iconCount: 0,
+      centeredIconCount: 2,
+      hasFlag: false,
+      flagAspectRatio: 1,
+      nameWidth: 40,
+      troopWidth: 30,
+    });
+
+    expect(layout.centeredIconPositions).toEqual([
+      { x: -9.5, y: -4.75 },
+      { x: 9.5, y: -4.75 },
+    ]);
+  });
+
   test("replaces unsupported glyphs once per glyph", () => {
     resetNameLayerGlyphWarningsForTests();
     const warn = vi.fn();
@@ -112,4 +131,14 @@ describe("NameLayerLayout", () => {
     expect(replaceUnsupportedNameGlyphs("🙂", warn)).toBe("?");
     expect(warn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
   });
+
+  test("replaces unsupported grapheme clusters with one fallback glyph", () => {
+    resetNameLayerGlyphWarningsForTests();
+    const warn = vi.fn();
+
+    expect(
+      replaceUnsupportedNameGlyphs("A\u{1F469}\u200D\u{1F4BB}B", warn),
+    ).toBe("A?B");
+    expect(warn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
 });