diff --git a/src/core/execution/BotExecution.ts b/src/core/execution/BotExecution.ts
index 71141929d..8586a9653 100644
--- a/src/core/execution/BotExecution.ts
+++ b/src/core/execution/BotExecution.ts
@@ -14,13 +14,15 @@ export class BotExecution implements Execution {
   private attackTick: number;
   private triggerRatio: number;
   private reserveRatio: number;
+  private expandRatio: number;
 
   constructor(private bot: Player) {
     this.random = new PseudoRandom(simpleHash(bot.id()));
     this.attackRate = this.random.nextInt(40, 80);
     this.attackTick = this.random.nextInt(0, this.attackRate);
     this.triggerRatio = this.random.nextInt(60, 90) / 100;
-    this.reserveRatio = this.random.nextInt(30, 60) / 100;
+    this.reserveRatio = this.random.nextInt(20, 30) / 100;
+    this.expandRatio = this.random.nextInt(10, 20) / 100;
   }
 
   activeDuringSpawnPhase(): boolean {
@@ -47,7 +49,12 @@ export class BotExecution implements Execution {
         this.bot,
         this.triggerRatio,
         this.reserveRatio,
+        this.expandRatio,
       );
+
+      // Send an attack on the first tick
+      this.behavior.sendAttack(this.mg.terraNullius());
+      return;
     }
 
     this.behavior.handleAllianceRequests();
diff --git a/src/core/execution/FakeHumanExecution.ts b/src/core/execution/FakeHumanExecution.ts
index 622c43383..3e7770644 100644
--- a/src/core/execution/FakeHumanExecution.ts
+++ b/src/core/execution/FakeHumanExecution.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import {
   Cell,
-  Difficulty,
   Execution,
   Game,
   Gold,
@@ -27,8 +26,6 @@ import { closestTwoTiles } from "./Util";
 import { BotBehavior } from "./utils/BotBehavior";
 
 export class FakeHumanExecution implements Execution {
-  private firstMove = true;
-
   private active = true;
   private random: PseudoRandom;
   private behavior: BotBehavior | null = null;
@@ -39,6 +36,7 @@ export class FakeHumanExecution implements Execution {
   private attackTick: number;
   private triggerRatio: number;
   private reserveRatio: number;
+  private expandRatio: number;
 
   private lastEmojiSent = new Map<Player, Tick>();
   private lastNukeSent: [Tick, TileRef][] = [];
@@ -56,6 +54,7 @@ export class FakeHumanExecution implements Execution {
     this.attackTick = this.random.nextInt(0, this.attackRate);
     this.triggerRatio = this.random.nextInt(60, 90) / 100;
     this.reserveRatio = this.random.nextInt(30, 60) / 100;
+    this.expandRatio = this.random.nextInt(15, 25) / 100;
     this.heckleEmoji = ["🤡", "😡"].map((e) => flattenedEmojiTable.indexOf(e));
   }
 
@@ -145,11 +144,10 @@ export class FakeHumanExecution implements Execution {
         this.player,
         this.triggerRatio,
         this.reserveRatio,
+        this.expandRatio,
       );
-    }
 
-    if (this.firstMove) {
-      this.firstMove = false;
+      // Send an attack on the first tick
       this.behavior.sendAttack(this.mg.terraNullius());
       return;
     }
@@ -163,7 +161,6 @@ export class FakeHumanExecution implements Execution {
 
     this.updateRelationsFromEmbargos();
     this.behavior.handleAllianceRequests();
-    this.handleEnemies();
     this.handleUnits();
     this.handleEmbargoesToHostileNations();
     this.maybeAttack();
@@ -191,80 +188,30 @@ export class FakeHumanExecution implements Execution {
       return;
     }
 
-    const enemiesWithTN = enemyborder.map((t) =>
+    const borderPlayers = enemyborder.map((t) =>
       this.mg.playerBySmallID(this.mg.ownerID(t)),
     );
-    if (enemiesWithTN.filter((o) => !o.isPlayer()).length > 0) {
+    if (borderPlayers.some((o) => !o.isPlayer())) {
       this.behavior.sendAttack(this.mg.terraNullius());
       return;
     }
 
-    const enemies = enemiesWithTN
-      .filter((o) => o.isPlayer())
-      .sort((a, b) => a.troops() - b.troops());
-
-    // 5% chance to send a random alliance request
-    if (this.random.chance(20)) {
-      const toAlly = this.random.randElement(enemies);
-      if (this.player.canSendAllianceRequest(toAlly)) {
-        this.player.createAllianceRequest(toAlly);
-        return;
-      }
-    }
-
-    // 50-50 attack weakest player vs random player
-    const toAttack = this.random.chance(2)
-      ? enemies[0]
-      : this.random.randElement(enemies);
-    if (this.shouldAttack(toAttack)) {
-      this.behavior.sendAttack(toAttack);
-    }
-  }
-
-  private shouldAttack(other: Player): boolean {
-    if (this.player === null) throw new Error("not initialized");
-    if (this.player.isOnSameTeam(other)) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    if (this.player.isFriendly(other)) {
-      if (this.shouldDiscourageAttack(other)) {
-        return this.random.chance(200);
-      }
-      return this.random.chance(50);
-    } else {
-      if (this.shouldDiscourageAttack(other)) {
-        return this.random.chance(4);
-      }
-      return true;
-    }
-  }
-
-  private shouldDiscourageAttack(other: Player) {
-    if (other.isTraitor()) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    const difficulty = this.mg.config().gameConfig().difficulty;
-    if (
-      difficulty === Difficulty.Hard ||
-      difficulty === Difficulty.Impossible
-    ) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    if (other.type() !== PlayerType.Human) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    // Only discourage attacks on Humans who are not traitors on easy or medium difficulty.
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  handleEnemies() {
-    if (this.player === null || this.behavior === null) {
-      throw new Error("not initialized");
-    }
     this.behavior.forgetOldEnemies();
     this.behavior.assistAllies();
     const enemy = this.behavior.selectEnemy();
-    if (!enemy) return;
+    if (!enemy) {
+      // 5% chance to send a random alliance request
+      if (this.random.chance(20)) {
+        const enemies = borderPlayers
+          .filter((o) => o.isPlayer())
+          .sort((a, b) => a.troops() - b.troops());
+        const toAlly = this.random.randElement(enemies);
+        if (this.player.canSendAllianceRequest(toAlly)) {
+          this.player.createAllianceRequest(toAlly);
+        }
+      }
+      return;
+    }
     this.maybeSendEmoji(enemy);
     this.maybeSendNuke(enemy);
     if (this.player.sharesBorderWith(enemy)) {
@@ -561,7 +508,7 @@ export class FakeHumanExecution implements Execution {
 
     const src = this.random.randElement(oceanShore);
 
-    const dst = this.randOceanShoreTile(src, 150);
+    const dst = this.randomBoatTarget(src, 150);
     if (dst === null) {
       return;
     }
@@ -603,7 +550,7 @@ export class FakeHumanExecution implements Execution {
     return null;
   }
 
-  private randOceanShoreTile(tile: TileRef, dist: number): TileRef | null {
+  private randomBoatTarget(tile: TileRef, dist: number): TileRef | null {
     if (this.player === null) throw new Error("not initialized");
     const x = this.mg.x(tile);
     const y = this.mg.y(tile);
@@ -614,7 +561,7 @@ export class FakeHumanExecution implements Execution {
         continue;
       }
       const randTile = this.mg.ref(randX, randY);
-      if (!this.mg.isOceanShore(randTile)) {
+      if (!this.mg.isLand(randTile)) {
         continue;
       }
       const owner = this.mg.owner(randTile);
diff --git a/src/core/execution/utils/BotBehavior.ts b/src/core/execution/utils/BotBehavior.ts
index 5e393d967..a91d24c55 100644
--- a/src/core/execution/utils/BotBehavior.ts
+++ b/src/core/execution/utils/BotBehavior.ts
@@ -18,14 +18,13 @@ export class BotBehavior {
 
   private assistAcceptEmoji = flattenedEmojiTable.indexOf("👍");
 
-  private firstAttackSent = false;
-
   constructor(
     private random: PseudoRandom,
     private game: Game,
     private player: Player,
     private triggerRatio: number,
     private reserveRatio: number,
+    private expandRatio: number,
   ) {}
 
   handleAllianceRequests() {
@@ -211,14 +210,12 @@ export class BotBehavior {
     if (target.isPlayer() && this.player.isOnSameTeam(target)) return;
     const maxPop = this.game.config().maxPopulation(this.player);
     const maxTroops = maxPop * this.player.targetTroopRatio();
-    const targetTroops = maxTroops * this.reserveRatio;
-    // Don't wait until it has sufficient reserves to send the first attack
-    // to prevent the bot from waiting too long at the start of the game.
-    const troops = this.firstAttackSent
-      ? this.player.troops() - targetTroops
-      : this.player.troops() / 5;
+    const reserveRatio = target.isPlayer()
+      ? this.reserveRatio
+      : this.expandRatio;
+    const targetTroops = maxTroops * reserveRatio;
+    const troops = this.player.troops() - targetTroops;
     if (troops < 1) return;
-    this.firstAttackSent = true;
     this.game.addExecution(
       new AttackExecution(
         troops,
diff --git a/tests/BotBehavior.test.ts b/tests/BotBehavior.test.ts
index 9710770ac..51084b509 100644
--- a/tests/BotBehavior.test.ts
+++ b/tests/BotBehavior.test.ts
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ describe("BotBehavior.handleAllianceRequests", () => {
 
     const random = new PseudoRandom(42);
 
-    botBehavior = new BotBehavior(random, game, player, 0.5, 0.5);
+    botBehavior = new BotBehavior(random, game, player, 0.5, 0.5, 0.2);
   });
 
   function setupAllianceRequest({